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The cd command can be used to change into a subdirectory, move back into the parent directory, move all the way back to the root directory or move to any given directory. Consider the following subsection of a Unix filesystem, which shows a user's home directory (represented as ~) with a file, text.txt, and three subdirectories.
chroot is an operation on Unix and Unix-like operating systems that changes the apparent root directory for the current running process and its children.A program that is run in such a modified environment cannot name (and therefore normally cannot access) files outside the designated directory tree.
sudo (/ s uː d uː / [4]) is a program for Unix-like computer operating systems that enables users to run programs with the security privileges of another user, by default the superuser. [5] It originally stood for "superuser do", [ 6 ] as that was all it did, and this remains its most common usage; [ 7 ] however, the official Sudo project ...
Primary hierarchy root and root directory of the entire file system hierarchy. /bin: Essential command binaries that need to be available in single-user mode, including to bring up the system or repair it, [3] for all users (e.g., cat, ls, cp). /boot: Boot loader files (e.g., kernels, initrd). /dev
The name root may have originated because root is the only user account with permission to modify the root directory of a Unix system. This directory was originally considered to be root's home directory, [4] but the UNIX Filesystem Hierarchy Standard now recommends that root's home be at /root. [5]
It may be root's user ID only if ruid, suid, or euid is root. Whenever the euid is changed, the change is propagated to the fsuid . The intent of fsuid is to permit programs (e.g., the NFS server) to limit themselves to the file system rights of some given uid without giving that uid permission to send them signals.
In many Unix variants, "nobody" is the conventional name of a user identifier which owns no files, is in no privileged groups, and has no abilities except those which every other user has. It is normally not enabled as a user account, i.e. has no home directory or login credentials assigned.
The restricted shell is a Unix shell that restricts some of the capabilities available to an interactive user session, or to a shell script, running within it.It is intended to provide an additional layer of security, but is insufficient to allow execution of entirely untrusted software.