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The Livonian War (1558–1583) concerned control of Old Livonia (in the territory of present-day Estonia and Latvia). The Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of the Dano-Norwegian Realm , the Kingdom of Sweden , and the Union (later Commonwealth ) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland .
The territories of the prospective new kingdom still had to be conquered, but nevertheless Põltsamaa Castle was proclaimed the future official residence of the king. [ 2 ] On 6 July, the new king Magnus of Livonia departed from Moscow with 20,000 Russian soldiers for the conquest of Swedish-controlled Reval . [ 1 ]
During the Livonian War, Livonia was invaded by the Russian army of Tsar Ivan IV.After defeat in the Battle of Ergeme in 1560, the weakened Livonian Order was dissolved, and the Duchy of Livonia and Duchy of Courland and Semigallia were ceded to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania according to the Treaty of Vilnius (1561).
Map showing conflicts and territorial changes on the Polish-Lithuanian—Russian border, 1450–1600 File:Duchy of Prussia.svg: Small SVG: Map of the Duchy of Prussia File:Livonian war map (1558-1560).svg: Small SVG: Map showing campaigns in Livonia, 1558–1560. File:Map of Poland and Lithuania after the Union of Lublin (1569).svg: Large SVG
Yet, he was able to recover and resume his campaigns in the Livonian War in 1572. [10] A Swedish counter-offensive in 1574 failed . [ 11 ] Ivan IV had introduced a new strategy, relying on tens of thousands of his troops, Cossacks , and tartars to achieve superiority over his adversaries.
Map showing conflicts and territorial changes on the Polish-Lithuanian—Russian border, 1450–1600 File:Duchy of Prussia.svg: Small SVG: Map of the Duchy of Prussia File:Livonian war map (1558-1560).svg: Small SVG: Map showing campaigns in Livonia, 1558–1560. File:Map of Poland and Lithuania after the Union of Lublin (1569).svg: Large SVG
The Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory (also referred to as the Russo-Polish War) [3] took place in the final stage of the Livonian War, between 1577 and 1582. Polish–Lithuanian forces led by Stephen Báthory successfully fought against the army of Russian tsar Ivan IV ("the Terrible") over the Duchy of Livonia and Polotsk .
Battle of Reval in 1790 Map of Operation Albion of 1917. After the Great Northern War, the territory of Estonia was officially handed over to the Russian Empire in 1721. Conflicts that occurred in Estonia during that era: 1784, Baltic Head Tax Riots: 1784, "Wooden Fence War", between Estonian peasants and the Russian Army;