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The minimum required resolution according to Johnson's criteria are expressed in terms of line pairs of image resolution across a target, in terms of several tasks: [3] Detection, an object is present (1.0 +/− 0.25 line pairs) Orientation, symmetrical, asymmetric, horizontal, or vertical (1.4 +/− 0.35 line pairs)
The observation of sub-wavelength structures with microscopes is difficult because of the Abbe diffraction limit.Ernst Abbe found in 1873, [2] and expressed as a formula in 1882, [3] that light with wavelength , traveling in a medium with refractive index and converging to a spot with half-angle will have a minimum resolvable distance of
In lighting design, the lumen method, (also called zonal cavity method), is a simplified method to calculate the light level in a room.The method is a series of calculations that uses horizontal illuminance criteria to establish a uniform luminaire layout in a space.
The ability of a lens to resolve detail is usually determined by the quality of the lens, but is ultimately limited by diffraction.Light coming from a point source in the object diffracts through the lens aperture such that it forms a diffraction pattern in the image, which has a central spot and surrounding bright rings, separated by dark nulls; this pattern is known as an Airy pattern, and ...
Lawson criterion of important magnetic confinement fusion experiments. The Lawson criterion is a figure of merit used in nuclear fusion research. It compares the rate of energy being generated by fusion reactions within the fusion fuel to the rate of energy losses to the environment.
Rayleigh scattering causes the blue color of the daytime sky and the reddening of the Sun at sunset. Rayleigh scattering (/ ˈ r eɪ l i / RAY-lee) is the scattering or deflection of light, or other electromagnetic radiation, by particles with a size much smaller than the wavelength of the radiation.
Irradiance, light intensity ... Defining equation SI units Dimension Comoving transverse distance D M: pc [L] Luminosity distance: D L
The radiant flux of the light that emerges from a slice is reduced, compared to that of the light that entered, by () = (), where μ is the (Napierian) attenuation coefficient, which yields the following first-order linear, ordinary differential equation: = ().