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A standard TTL input at logic "1" is normally operated assuming a source current of 40 μA, and a voltage level above 2.4 V, allowing a pull-up resistor of no more than 50 kohms; whereas the TTL input at logic "0" will be expected to sink 1.6 mA at a voltage below 0.8 V, requiring a pull-down resistor less than 500 ohms. [2]
An active-low OR diode logic gate is formed by a keypad containing diodes at each switch, all connected to a shared pull-up resistor. When no switch is closed, the pull-up keeps the output high. But when the switch for any key connects to ground, the output goes low. This OR result can be used as an interrupt signal to indicate that any key has ...
The MOSFETs are n-type enhancement mode transistors, arranged in a so-called "pull-down network" (PDN) between the logic gate output and negative supply voltage (typically the ground). A pull up (i.e. a "load" that can be thought of as a resistor, see below) is placed between the positive supply voltage and each logic gate output.
The purpose is to reduce the overall power demand compared to using both a strong pull-up and a strong pull-down. [10] A pure open-drain driver, by comparison, has no pull-up strength except for leakage current: all the pull-up action is on the external termination resistor.
If all the input voltages are low (logical "0"), the transistor is cut-off. The pull-down resistor R 1 biases the transistor to the appropriate on-off threshold. The output is inverted since the collector-emitter voltage of transistor Q 1 is taken as output, and is high when the inputs are low. Thus, the analog resistive network and the analog ...
The 2026 FIA Formula One World Championship is a planned motor racing championship for Formula One cars which will be the 77th running of the Formula One World Championship. It is recognised by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), the governing body of international motorsport , as the highest class of competition for open ...
A digital use of a push–pull configuration is the output of TTL and related families. The upper transistor is functioning as an active pull-up, in linear mode, while the lower transistor works digitally. For this reason they are not capable of sourcing as much current as they can sink (typically 20 times less).
Formula One, abbreviated to F1, is the highest class of open-wheeled auto racing series administered by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), motorsport's world governing body. [1] The "formula" in the name alludes to a series of rules set by the FIA to which all participants and vehicles are required to conform.