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Controlled-environment agriculture (CEA) -- which includes indoor agriculture (IA) and vertical farming— consists of crop production systems in greenhouses or other structures that use horticulture and engineering techniques beyond conventional soil-based outdoor production.
The term "vertical farming" was coined by Gilbert Ellis Bailey in 1915 in his book Vertical Farming.His use of the term differs from the current meaning—he wrote about farming with a special interest in soil origin, its nutrient content and the view of plant life as "vertical" life forms, specifically relating to their underground root structures. [16]
Vertical farming is a proposed agricultural concept in which entire urban high-rise buildings, not just the building envelope, are dedicated to large-scale farming. [21] According to various researchers, to be realized vertical farms would require significant technological breakthroughs with regards to energy consumption and lighting. [22]
Vertical farms grow more food but use much more energy, so let's consider other kinds of urban agriculture.
There are also challenges to farmers who rely on farming equipment optimized for monoculture, often resulting in increased labor inputs. Vertical farming is intensive crop production on a large scale in urban centers, in multi-story, artificially-lit structures, for the production of low-calorie foods like herbs, microgreens, and lettuce.
Example of cost basis. Let’s say you buy 50 shares of Company A for $20 per share. The total cost of this purchase is $1,000 (50 shares x $20). This becomes your cost basis. A few years later ...
An international, or regional commodity market. Examples could include “the global cotton value chain”, [9] “the southern African maize value chain” or “the Brazilian coffee value chain”; A national or local commodity market or marketing system such as “the Ghanaian tomato value chain” or “”the Accra tomato value chain”;
Application of crop management decisions calls for agricultural equipment that supports variable-rate technology , for example varying seed density along with the variable-rate application (VRA) of nitrogen and phytosanitary products. [29] Precision agriculture uses technology on agricultural equipment (e.g. tractors, sprayers, harvesters, etc.):