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In spark-ignition internal combustion engines, knocking (also knock, detonation, spark knock, pinging or pinking) occurs when combustion of some of the air/fuel mixture in the cylinder does not result from propagation of the flame front ignited by the spark plug, but when one or more pockets of air/fuel mixture explode outside the envelope of the normal combustion front.
Low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI), also known as stochastic pre-ignition (SPI), [1] is a pre-ignition event that occurs in gasoline vehicle engines when there is a premature ignition of the main fuel charge. [2] LSPI is most common in certain turbocharged direct-injection vehicles operating in low-speed and high-load driving conditions. [3]
In 1995, leaded fuel accounted for only 0.6% of total gasoline sales and less than 2,000 tons of lead per year. From January 1, 1996, the Clean Air Act banned the sale of leaded fuel for use in on-road vehicles in the United States. Possession and use of leaded gasoline in a regular on-road vehicle now carries a maximum US$10,000 fine in the ...
The reduced engine speeds allow more time for autoignition chemistry to complete thus promoting the possibility of pre-ignition and so called "mega-knock". Under these circumstances, there is still significant debate as to the sources of the pre-ignition event. [3] Pre-ignition and engine knock both sharply increase combustion chamber temperatures.
Homogeneous mixing of fuel and air leads to cleaner combustion and lower emissions. Because peak temperatures are significantly lower than in typical SI engines, NO x levels are almost negligible. Additionally, the technique does not produce soot. [3] HCCI engines can operate on gasoline, diesel fuel, and most alternative fuels. [4]
The cetane number is a key property of diesel fuel, as it measures its aptitude to self-ignite in the combustion chamber. [8] The auto ignition temperature of diesel fuel is around 220 °C (428 °F) at atmospheric pressure. Cetane improver additives are used to decrease this temperature and lead to quicker combustion, by increasing the cetane ...
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High octane value inhibits the fuel's tendency to burn nearly instantaneously (known as detonation or knock) at high compression/high heat conditions. However, in engines that utilize compression rather than spark ignition, by means of very high compression ratios (14–25:1), such as the diesel engine or Bourke engine , high octane fuel is not ...
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