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  2. Lateral earth pressure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_earth_pressure

    An example of lateral earth pressure overturning a retaining wall. The lateral earth pressure is the pressure that soil exerts in the horizontal direction. It is important because it affects the consolidation behavior and strength of the soil and because it is considered in the design of geotechnical engineering structures such as retaining walls, basements, tunnels, deep foundations and ...

  3. Soil mechanics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_mechanics

    The angle of internal friction is thus closely related to the maximum stable slope angle, often called the angle of repose. But in addition to friction, soil derives significant shear resistance from interlocking of grains. If the grains are densely packed, the grains tend to spread apart from each other as they are subject to shear strain.

  4. Angle of repose - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_repose

    Angle of repose of a heap of sand Sandpile from the Matemateca collection. The angle of repose, or critical angle of repose, [1] of a granular material is the steepest angle of descent or dip relative to the horizontal plane on which the material can be piled without slumping. At this angle, the material on the slope face is on the verge of ...

  5. Dilatancy (granular material) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilatancy_(granular_material)

    The amount of dilation depends strongly on the initial density of the soil. In general, the denser the soil, the greater the amount of volume expansion under shear. It has also been observed that the angle of internal friction decreases as the effective normal stress is decreased. [9]

  6. Mohr–Coulomb theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohr–Coulomb_theory

    Angle of internal friction for some materials Material Friction angle in degrees Rock: 30 ° Sand: 30 ° to 45 ° Gravel: 35 ° Silt: 26 ° to 35 ° Clay: 20 ° Loose sand 30 ° to 35 ° Medium sand 40 ° Dense sand 35 ° to 45 ° Sandy gravel > 34 ° to 48 °

  7. Rankine theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_theory

    Rankine's theory (maximum-normal stress theory), developed in 1857 by William John Macquorn Rankine, [1] is a stress field solution that predicts active and passive earth pressure. It assumes that the soil is cohesionless, the wall is frictionless, the soil-wall interface is vertical, the failure surface on which the soil moves is planar, and ...

  8. Shear strength (soil) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_strength_(soil)

    This strict definition of the steady state was used to describe soil shear as a dynamical system (Joseph 2012). Dynamical systems are ubiquitous in nature (the Great Red Spot on Jupiter is one example) and mathematicians have extensively studied such systems. The underlying basis of the soil shear dynamical system is simple friction (Joseph 2017).

  9. Geotechnical engineering - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering

    The earliest advances occurred in the development of earth pressure theories for the construction of retaining walls. Henri Gautier, a French royal engineer, recognized the "natural slope" of different soils in 1717, an idea later known as the soil's angle of repose. Around the same time, a rudimentary soil classification system was also ...