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Considered to be a product of and response to globalization, internationalization has an economic orientation. [10] Within the Anglo-American tradition of higher education, internationalization is increasingly associated with commodification and commercialization of postsecondary education.
World War I disrupted economic globalization, with countries adopting protectionist policies and trade barriers, slowing global trade. [7] The 1956 invention of containerized shipping and larger ship sizes reduced costs, facilitating global trade. [8] [9] Globalization resumed in the 1970s as governments highlighted trade benefits.
Globalization is the process of increasing interdependence and integration among the economies, markets, societies, and cultures of different countries worldwide. This is made possible by the reduction of barriers to international trade, the liberalization of capital movements, the development of transportation, and the advancement of information and communication technologies. [1]
The Institute of International Education (IIE) is researching effective ways that higher education in the United States can grow and create quality study abroad programs within the curriculum. [6] Many K-12 schools within the United States have adapted a Global Education Framework that was created for statewide implementation.
Education is being restructured on market principles - thus, in the realm of higher education, knowledge production and dissemination is becoming commodified. [32] As knowledge management is coming to outweigh labor on the global stage, there is an increasing prevalence of neoliberal economic ideologies.
The special concerns of developing countries are of special interest—themes such as transnational higher education, international students and scholars, global trade in educational services, higher education reform, and others. The International Network on Higher Education in Africa (INHEA) has been a special initiative in recent years.
The American Association of University Professors (AAUP) was the first organization to formulate a statement on the governance of higher education based on principles of democratic values and participation (which, in this sense, correlates with the Yale Report of 1828, which has been referred to as the "first attempt at a formally stated philosophy of education" for universities, emphasizing ...
Shifts in technology associated with globalization have also had an impact on multilingualism and on majority language use generally. Since the 1990s, the widespread use of the internet, and later of smart devices, has expanded the necessity of both receptive language skills like reading and listening and English multilingualism. [ 13 ]