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7-Hydroxymitragynine (7-OH) is a terpenoid indole alkaloid from the plant Mitragyna speciosa, commonly known as kratom. [2] It was first described in 1994 [3] and is a human metabolite metabolized from mitragynine present in the Mitragyna speciosa, commonly known as kratom. 7-OH binds to opioid receptors like mitragynine, but research suggests that 7-OH binds with greater efficacy.
Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl is a rearrangement product of 7-hydroxymitragynine, an active metabolite of mitragynine. [ 1 ] Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl can be produced in the blood as a metabolite of 7-hydroxymitragynine.
[32] [11] [9] The alkaloids mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine are responsible for many of the complex effects of kratom, [11] [9] but other alkaloids may also contribute synergistically. [32] The effects of both mitragynine and 7-HMG remain disputed despite substantial study. Both are partial agonists of the μ-opioid receptor.
In Thai varieties of kratom, mitragynine is the most abundant component (up to 66% of total alkaloids), while 7-hydroxymitragynine (7-OH) is a minor constituent (up to 2% of total alkaloid content). In Malaysian kratom varieties, mitragynine is present at lower concentration (12% of total alkaloids). [ 5 ]
Acute use (1–3 days) yields a potency about 1.5× stronger than that of morphine and chronic use (7 days+) yields a potency about 2.5 to 5× that of morphine. Similarly, the effect of tramadol increases after consecutive dosing due to the accumulation of its active metabolite and an increase of the oral bioavailability in chronic use.
It has an intrinsic activity between 99%-104% so we can say that 7-Hydroxymitragynine is a full agonist not a partial agonist like it was said before. The potency compared to morphine need to be revised too it's closer to 13 time the potency of morphine but with a far better oral bioavailability [ 1 ]
P. clavata (violescent sea-whip). Colorado River toad (Sonoran Desert toad or Bufo alvarius): 5-MeO-DMT and bufotenin; Asiatic toad and certain tree frogs (Osteocephalus taurinus, Osteocephalus oophagus, and Osteocephalus langsdorfii): bufotenin
After the opium was harvested, the plants were allowed to mature and harvested for poppy seeds. The sale of poppy seeds delivered a significant proportion of the income from the licit opium crop. Unknown fractions of both the opium harvest and the poppy straw residue from the poppy seed harvest were diverted to illicit uses. [17]
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