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7-Hydroxymitragynine (7-OH) is a terpenoid indole alkaloid from the plant Mitragyna speciosa, commonly known as kratom. [2] It was first described in 1994 [3] and is a human metabolite metabolized from mitragynine present in the Mitragyna speciosa, commonly known as kratom. 7-OH binds to opioid receptors like mitragynine, but research suggests that 7-OH binds with greater efficacy.
In Thai varieties of kratom, mitragynine is the most abundant component (up to 66% of total alkaloids), while 7-hydroxymitragynine (7-OH) is a minor constituent (up to 2% of total alkaloid content). In Malaysian kratom varieties, mitragynine is present at lower concentration (12% of total alkaloids). [ 5 ]
[32] [11] [9] The alkaloids mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine are responsible for many of the complex effects of kratom, [11] [9] but other alkaloids may also contribute synergistically. [32] The effects of both mitragynine and 7-HMG remain disputed despite substantial study. Both are partial agonists of the μ-opioid receptor.
Acute use (1–3 days) yields a potency about 1.5× stronger than that of morphine and chronic use (7 days+) yields a potency about 2.5 to 5× that of morphine. Similarly, the effect of tramadol increases after consecutive dosing due to the accumulation of its active metabolite and an increase of the oral bioavailability in chronic use.
Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl is a rearrangement product of 7-hydroxymitragynine, an active metabolite of mitragynine. [ 1 ] Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl can be produced in the blood as a metabolite of 7-hydroxymitragynine.
It has an intrinsic activity between 99%-104% so we can say that 7-Hydroxymitragynine is a full agonist not a partial agonist like it was said before. The potency compared to morphine need to be revised too it's closer to 13 time the potency of morphine but with a far better oral bioavailability [ 1 ]
[6] Aesculus hippocastanum: Horse chestnut: Its seeds, leaves, bark, and flowers have been used medicinally for many centuries for treating joint pain, bladder and gastrointestinal problems, fever, leg cramps, and other conditions. It may be useful for treating chronic venous insufficiency. The raw plant materials are toxic unless processed. [7]
Mitraphylline, an oxindole derivative, is an active alkaloid in the leaves of the tree Mitragyna speciosa, commonly known as kratom. [1] As a non-narcotic constituent, it also occurs to a significant amount in the bark of Uncaria tomentosa (Cat's Claw) along with a number of isomeric alkaloids.
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