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The most common means for removing water hardness rely on ion-exchange resin or reverse osmosis. Other approaches include precipitation methods, such as fluidized bed pellet softening, [6] and sequestration by the addition of chelating agents. Distillation and reverse osmosis are the most widely used two non-chemical methods of water softening.
Like water softeners, dealkalizers contain ion-exchange resins that are regenerated with a concentrated salt solution - NaCl. In the case of a water softener, the cation exchange resin is exchanging sodium (the Na + ion of NaCl) for hardness minerals such as calcium and magnesium. A dealkalizer contains strong base anion exchange resin that ...
A typical example of application is preparation of high-purity water for power engineering, electronic and nuclear industries; i.e. polymeric or inorganic insoluble ion exchangers are widely used for water softening, water purification, [2] [3] water decontamination, etc. Ion exchange is a method widely used in household filters to produce soft ...
Ion-exchange resin beads. An ion-exchange resin or ion-exchange polymer is a resin or polymer that acts as a medium for ion exchange, that is also known as an ionex. [1] It is an insoluble matrix (or support structure) normally in the form of small (0.25–1.43 mm radius) microbeads, usually white or yellowish, fabricated from an organic polymer substrate.
Ion exchange: [9] Ion-exchange systems use ion-exchange resin- or zeolite-packed columns to replace unwanted ions. The most common case is water softening consisting of removal of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ions replacing them with benign (soap friendly) Na + or K + ions.
Electrodeionization (EDI) is a water treatment technology that utilizes DC power, ion exchange membranes, and ion exchange resin to deionize water. EDI is typically employed as a polishing treatment following reverse osmosis (RO), and is used in the production of ultrapure water. It differs from other RO polishing methods, like chemically ...
In lime softening, there is a substantial reduction in total dissolved solids (TDS) whereas in ion exchange softening (sometimes referred to as zeolite softening), there is no significant change in the level of TDS. Lime softening can also be used to remove iron, manganese, radium and arsenic from water.
Selective electrodialysis uses ion selective exchange membranes to concentrate only some ions, whereas other species remain in the diluted channel. Selective electrodialysis is usually done by employing monovalent anion and/or cation exchange membranes, that only allows migration of monovalent anion or cations, respectively.