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Much of the popularization of coffee is due to its cultivation in the Arab world, beginning in what is now Yemen, by Sufi monks in the 15th century. [2] Through thousands of Muslims pilgrimaging to Mecca, the enjoyment and harvesting of coffee, or the "wine of Araby" spread to other countries (e.g. Turkey, Egypt, Syria) and eventually to a majority of the world through the 16th century.
The result is a beverage with a higher concentration of suspended and dissolved solids than regular drip coffee, giving espresso its characteristic body and intensity. Despite the stronger taste profile, espresso typically contains fewer milligrams of caffeine than a standard serving of drip-brewed coffee.
In rats, d9-caffeine freely crosses the blood-brain barrier. [3] In single-dose comparisons in humans, d9-caffeine exhibited a 29%–43% higher C max and 4-5-fold higher total exposure than caffeine, and a 5-10-fold reduction in the relative exposure to the active metabolites of caffeine such as paraxanthine, theobromine, and theophylline. [4]
Caffeine can cause a physical dependence, if consumed in excessive amounts. [3] The need for caffeine can be identified when individuals feel headaches, fatigue and muscle pain 24 hours after their last energy drink. [4] Some commercially distributed drinks contain guarana, a South American berry with a caffeine content about twice that of ...
Caffeine is the world's most widely consumed psychoactive drug. [20] [21] Unlike most other psychoactive substances, caffeine remains largely unregulated and legal in nearly all parts of the world. Caffeine is also an outlier as its use is seen as socially acceptable in most cultures with it even being encouraged.
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The social environment, social context, sociocultural context or milieu refers to the immediate physical and social setting in which people live or in which something happens or develops. It includes the culture that the individual was educated or lives in, and the people and institutions with whom they interact. [ 1 ]
Caffeine dependence can cause a host of physiological effects if caffeine consumption is not maintained. Withdrawal symptoms may include headaches, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, lack of motivation, mood swings, nausea, insomnia, dizziness, cardiac issues, hypertension, anxiety, backaches, and joint pain; these can range in severity from mild to severe. [18]