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The Merck Manuals (outside the U.S. and Canada: The MSD Manuals; Chinese: 默沙东诊疗手册; pinyin: Mòshādōng Zhěnliáo Shǒucè) are medical references published by the American pharmaceutical company Merck & Co. (known as MSD outside the United States and Canada), that cover a wide range of medical topics, including disorders, tests, diagnoses, and drugs.
oculus dexter (right eye) OH Ocular history OMB Oculo motor balance ONH Optic nerve head Oph Ophthalmoscopy OS oculus sinister (left eye) OU oculus uterque (both eyes) PD Pupillary distance PERRLA Pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation PH Pinhole see Pinhole occluder and Visual_acuity#Legal_definitions: PHNI Pinhole No Improvement
The pupil is a hole through which the eye's interior can be viewed. For better viewing, the pupil can be opened wider (dilated; mydriasis) before ophthalmoscopy using medicated eye drops (dilated fundus examination). However, undilated examination is more convenient (albeit not as comprehensive), and is the most common type in primary care.
The first edition of The Merck Manual was published in 1899 by Merck & Co., Inc. for physicians and pharmacists and was titled Merck's Manual of the Materia Medica. [6] [7] The 192 page book which sold for US $1.00, was divided into three sections, Part I ("Materia Medica") was an alphabetical listing of all known compounds thought to be of therapeutic value with uses and doses; Part II ...
An eye examination, commonly known as an eye test, [1] is a series of tests performed to assess vision and ability to focus on and discern objects. [2] It also includes other tests and examinations of the eyes. [2] Eye examinations are primarily performed by an optometrist, ophthalmologist, or an orthoptist.
An occluder is placed over the eye that is not being tested (e.g.: over the left eye, to test the right eye's vision). A pinhole occluder is then placed before the patient's eye, and their vision is then tested again (each eye separately) to determine if the patient's poor visual acuity is a result of optical irregularities, or pathological issues.
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