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Bacteria can enter the joint by: The bloodstream from an infection elsewhere (most common) Direct penetration into the joint (arthrocentesis, arthroscopy, trauma) [2] A surrounding infection in the bone or tissue (uncommon, from osteomyelitis, septic bursitis, abscess) [2] [13] [14]
The treatment is a combination of systemic antibiotics, debridement of infectious and necrotic tissue and local antibiotics applied to the joint space. The bacteria that usually cause prosthetic joint infections commonly form a biofilm, or a thick slime that is adherent to the artificial joint surface, thus making treatment challenging.
Infectious arthritis typically happens due to a bacterial infection, often a staph infection. But it can also have fungal or viral causes. But it can also have fungal or viral causes. Toa55 / iStock
Other bacteria known to cause reactive arthritis which are more common worldwide are Ureaplasma urealyticum, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Yersinia spp., and Campylobacter spp. [17] A bout of food poisoning or a gastrointestinal infection may also precede the disease (the last four genera of bacteria mentioned above are enteric bacteria). [18 ...
Staphylococcus aureus is the most common organism seen in osteomyelitis, seeded from areas of contiguous infection. But anaerobes and Gram-negative organisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, and Serratia marcescens, are also common. Mixed infections are the rule rather than the exception. [15]
Infection after surgery is relatively uncommon, but occurs as much as 33% in specific types of surgeries. Infections of surgical sites range from 1% to 33%. MRSA sepsis that occurs within 30 days following a surgical infection has a 15–38% mortality rate; MRSA sepsis that occurs within one year has a mortality rate of around 55%.
The predominant anaerobic bacteria isolated are Peptostreptococcus spp. and Propionibacterium acnes (frequently found in prosthetic joint infection), B. fragilis and Fusobacterium spp. (frequently found in infections of hematogenic origin), and Clostridium spp. (frequently found in infections after trauma).
Sporotrichosis, also known as rose handler's disease, [2] is a fungal infection that may be localised to skin, lungs, bone and joint, or become systemic. [2] [4] It presents with firm painless nodules that later ulcerate. [3] Following initial exposure to Sporothrix schenckii, the disease typically progresses over a period of a week to several ...