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The encomienda system was generally replaced by the crown-managed repartimiento system throughout Spanish America after mid-sixteenth century. [8] Like the encomienda, the new repartimiento did not include the attribution of land to anyone, rather only the allotment of native workers. But they were directly allotted to the Crown, who, through a ...
The encomienda "was the key institution of early Spanish colonialism" [8] and the principal means of exploiting the labor of the Andeans by the Spanish conquerors. The grant of an encomienda enabled the recipient to enjoy a "lordly rank and life-style" and encomenderos , often of humble origins, dominated local governments and were economically ...
The opening day on 1 July 1916 was the bloodiest single day in the history of the British Army, which suffered 57,500 casualties, including 19,200 dead. As a whole, the Somme offensive led to an estimated 420,000 British casualties, along with 200,000 French and 500,000 Germans. [ 92 ]
World War I was the first war to see major use of planes for offensive, defensive and reconnaissance operations, and both the Entente Powers and the Central Powers used planes extensively. Almost as soon as they were invented, planes were drafted for military service. Battles: 1914 in aviation. Raid on Cuxhaven
The 'Age of Totalitarianism' included nearly all the infamous examples of genocide in modern history, headed by the Jewish Holocaust, but also comprising the mass murders and purges of the Communist world, other mass killings carried out by Nazi Germany and its allies, and also the Armenian Genocide of 1915.
A Photo History of Tanks in Two World Wars. Poole: Blandford Press. Foss, Christopher F. (2002). The Encyclopedia of Tanks & Armoured Fighting Vehicles. London: Amber Books. ISBN 978-1905704-44-6. Gale, Tim (2016). The French Army's Tank Force and Armoured Warfare in the Great War: The Artillerie Spéciale. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781317031338.
The Economics of the Wartime Shortage: A History of British Food Supplies in the Napoleonic War and in World Wars I and II (1963) McVey, Frank LeRond. The financial history of Great Britain, 1914–1918 (1927) full text online; Pollard, Sidney. The development of the British economy, 1914–1967 ( 2nd ed. 1969) pp 42–91; Skidelsky, Robert.
The Serbian campaign was a series of military expeditions launched in 1914 and 1915 by the Central Powers against the Kingdom of Serbia during the First World War.. The first campaign began after Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on 28 July 1914.