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  2. Quark model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_model

    In particle physics, the quark model is a classification scheme for hadrons in terms of their valence quarks—the quarks and antiquarks that give rise to the quantum numbers of the hadrons. The quark model underlies "flavor SU(3)" , or the Eightfold Way , the successful classification scheme organizing the large number of lighter hadrons that ...

  3. Eightfold way (physics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eightfold_way_(physics)

    In physics, the eightfold way is an organizational scheme for a class of subatomic particles known as hadrons that led to the development of the quark model. Both the American physicist Murray Gell-Mann and the Israeli physicist Yuval Ne'eman independently and simultaneously proposed the idea in 1961.

  4. Octet rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octet_rule

    The bonding in carbon dioxide (CO 2): all atoms are surrounded by 8 electrons, fulfilling the octet rule. The octet rule is a chemical rule of thumb that reflects the theory that main-group elements tend to bond in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electronic configuration as a noble gas.

  5. Gell-Mann–Okubo mass formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gell-Mann–Okubo_mass_formula

    In particular, the meson octet corresponds to the root system of the adjoint representation. However, the simplest, lowest-dimensional representation of su(3) is the fundamental representation, which is three-dimensional, and is now understood to describe the approximate flavor symmetry of the three quarks u, d, and s.

  6. Octet - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octet

    Octet (music), ensemble consisting of eight instruments or voices, ... Eightfold Way (physics), theory organizing subatomic baryons and mesons into octets;

  7. Noble gas - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gas

    In 1916, Gilbert N. Lewis formulated the octet rule, which concluded an octet of electrons in the outer shell was the most stable arrangement for any atom; this arrangement caused them to be unreactive with other elements since they did not require any more electrons to complete their outer shell. [16]

  8. Nucleon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleon

    Particle physics, particularly quantum ... meaning that each is composed of smaller parts, ... The other members of this octet are the hyperons strange isotriplet

  9. Eta and eta prime mesons - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eta_and_eta_prime_mesons

    The eta ( η) and eta prime meson ( η′) are isosinglet mesons made of a mixture of up, down and strange quarks and their antiquarks.The charmed eta meson ( η c) and bottom eta meson