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Remainder Test 13 (1, −3, −4, −1, 3, 4, cycle goes on.) If you are not comfortable with negative numbers, then use this sequence. (1, 10, 9, 12, 3, 4) Multiply the right most digit of the number with the left most number in the sequence shown above and the second right most digit to the second left most digit of the number in the sequence.
Trial division is the most laborious but easiest to understand of the integer factorization algorithms. The essential idea behind trial division tests to see if an integer n, the integer to be factored, can be divided by each number in turn that is less than or equal to the square root of n.
Using fast algorithms for modular exponentiation and multiprecision multiplication, the running time of this algorithm is O(k log 2 n log log n) = Õ(k log 2 n), where k is the number of times we test a random a, and n is the value we want to test for primality; see Miller–Rabin primality test for details.
The Solovay–Strassen test is an Euler probable prime test (see PSW [3] page 1003). For each individual value of a, the Solovay–Strassen test is weaker than the Miller–Rabin test. For example, if n = 1905 and a = 2, then the Miller-Rabin test shows that n is composite, but the Solovay–Strassen test does not.
The Miller–Rabin test uses this property in the following way: given an odd integer p for which primality has to be tested, write p − 1 = 2 s d with s > 0 and d odd > 0, and choose a random a such that 1 < a < p − 1; then compute b = a d mod p; if b is not 1 nor −1, then square it repeatedly modulo p until you get −1 or have squared s ...
This is the sieve's key distinction from using trial division to sequentially test each candidate number for divisibility by each prime. [2] Once all the multiples of each discovered prime have been marked as composites, the remaining unmarked numbers are primes.
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