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The government forms a budget for the new fiscal year by taking the budget from the previous fiscal year as a base and makes only small changes to it. Top-down approach: The central financial authority (e.g. the Ministry of finance) sets boundaries to the budget and the government completes it. This approach originated in the 1990s as an ...
The Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) is the principal tax administration body in Pakistan. It is responsible for formulating, implementing, and enforcing tax laws. The FBR has faced criticism for its inefficiency and corruption, which has hindered tax collection efforts. The FBR operates under the Ministry of Finance and is tasked with:
Neutral fiscal policy is usually undertaken when an economy is in neither a recession nor an expansion. The amount of government deficit spending (the excess not financed by tax revenue ) is roughly the same as it has been on average over time, so no changes to it are occurring that would have an effect on the level of economic activity .
In other words, it is the study of how competencies (expenditure side) and fiscal instruments (revenue side) are allocated across different (vertical) layers of the administration. An important part of its subject matter is the system of transfer payments or grants by which a central government shares its revenues with lower levels of government.
Any financial statements you receive from April 1 to June 30 are for Q2 of the fiscal quarter system. For companies on a calendar quarter, Q2 brings the all-important tax deadline for the prior ...
Fiscal transparency includes public reporting on the past, present, and future state of public finances. Fiscal policies have critical impacts on economic, social and environmental outcomes in all countries at all levels of development. Fiscal transparency is sometimes used synonymously with budget transparency.
The Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) (Urdu: وفاقی بورڈ محصولات), formerly known as Central Board of Revenue (CBR), is a federal law enforcement agency of Pakistan that investigates tax crimes, suspicious accumulation of wealth, money-laundering make regulation of collection of tax. FBR operates through Inspectors-IR that keep tax ...
to organize or redirect the flows of money, goods and services, or other assets among corporations, among households, and between corporations and households; in the purpose of social justice, increased efficiency or other aims legitimized by the citizens—examples are the redistribution of national income and wealth, the corporate income tax ...