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It is a landmark in the study of cosmology. 1998 – The first complete Einstein ring, B1938+666, discovered using the Hubble Space Telescope and MERLIN. [226] [227] 1998-99 – Scientists discover that the expansion of the Universe is accelerating. [228] [229] 1999 – Alessandra Buonanno and Thibault Damour introduce the effective one-body ...
The diversity found in the different types and scales of astronomical objects make the field of study increasingly specialized. A proposed timeline of the origin of space, from physical cosmology. See astronomical object for a list of specific types of entities which scientists study. See Earth's location in the universe for an orientation.
This is a timeline of space exploration which includes notable achievements, first accomplishments and milestones in humanity's exploration of outer space.. This timeline generally does not distinguish achievements by a specific country or private company, as it considers humanity as a whole.
Joseph von Fraunhofer builds the first accurate spectrometer and uses it to study the spectrum of the Sun's light. He discovers and maps hundreds of fine dark lines crossing the solar spectrum. In 1859 these lines are linked to chemical elements in the Sun's atmosphere. Spectroscopy becomes a method for studying what stars are made of.
Space research is scientific study carried out in outer space, and by studying outer space. From the use of space technology to the observable universe , space research is a wide research field . Earth science , materials science , biology , medicine , and physics all apply to the space research environment.
The chronology of the universe describes the history and future of the universe according to Big Bang cosmology.. Research published in 2015 estimates the earliest stages of the universe's existence as taking place 13.8 billion years ago, with an uncertainty of around 21 million years at the 68% confidence level.
A study published in the journal Physical Review Letters suggests that researchers have found "the first observational evidence that the universe could be a hologram.". The international team ...
Physical cosmology – origin and evolution of the universe as a whole. The study of cosmology is theoretical astrophysics at its largest scale. Quantum cosmology - the study of cosmology through the use of quantum field theory to explain phenomena general relativity cannot due to limitations in its framework.