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Bacteria (/ b æ k ˈ t ɪər i ə / ⓘ; sg.: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats.
Structural model at atomic resolution of bacteriophage T4 [1] The structure of a typical myovirus bacteriophage Anatomy and infection cycle of bacteriophage T4.. A bacteriophage (/ b æ k ˈ t ɪər i oʊ f eɪ dʒ /), also known informally as a phage (/ ˈ f eɪ dʒ /), is a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria and archaea.
The definition of two major divisions within the domain Bacteria, Hydrobacteria and Terrabacteria, has come largely from rooted phylogenetic analyses of genomes. [2] [1] [4] [5] Unrooted analyses have not fully supported this division, [7] [6] drawing attention to the importance of rooted trees of life.
Kurzgesagt (/ ˌ k ʊər t s ɡ ə ˈ z ɑː k t /; German for "In a nutshell", "in short", or literally "shortly said"; German pronunciation: [ˈkʊʁt͡sɡəˌzaːkt]) is a German animation and design studio founded by Philipp Dettmer.
Bacteriology is the study of bacteria and their relation to medicine. Bacteriology evolved from physicians needing to apply the germ theory to address the concerns relating to disease spreading in hospitals the 19th century. [5] Identification and characterizing of bacteria being associated to diseases led to advances in pathogenic bacteriology.
Bacteria function and reproduce as individual cells, but they can often aggregate in multicellular colonies. [54] Some species such as myxobacteria can aggregate into complex swarming structures, operating as multicellular groups as part of their life cycle , [ 55 ] or form clusters in bacterial colonies such as E.coli .
The most commonly accepted definition is the polyphasic species definition, which takes into account both phenotypic and genetic differences. [90] However, a quicker diagnostic ad hoc threshold to separate species is less than 70% DNA–DNA hybridisation, [ 91 ] which corresponds to less than 97% 16S DNA sequence identity. [ 92 ]
Fruiting gliding bacteria Hydrobacteria "Deferrisomatota" Desulfobacterota C Hydrobacteria "Deferrimicrobiota" Begmatov et al. 2022 Desulfobacterota E "Tharpellota" Hydrobacteria "Moduliflexota" corrig. Sekiguchi et al. 2015 KSB3 Hydrobacteria "Methylomirabilota" Viljakainen & Hug 2021ex Chuvochina et al. 2023 NC10 "Rokubacteria" (CSP1-6 ...