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Unlike the present Sangha, the original Sangha viewed itself as following the mission laid down by the Master, viz, to go forth "…on tour for the blessing of the manyfolk, for the happiness of the manyfolk out of compassion for the world, for the welfare, the blessing, the happiness of deva and men". [16]
The phrase gana sangha can be translated as (rule by) tribal assembly. In ancient Buddhist texts like the Anguttara Nikaya [ 5 ] which make frequent reference to the great states in ancient India , the texts often use the phrase to refer a type of aristocratic rule, contrast to monarchy (साम्राज्य samarajya in Sanskrit).
According to the Jain texts, the sangha will be maintained till the very end of the present strife-ridden spoke of time (pancham kaal). With the end of the sangha, the dharma (religion) will also end. [4] The continuity of the sangha (community of the faithful) will be maintained right up to its very end. There will be at least one saint, one ...
Other than rejecting or accepting different ancient Jain texts, Digambaras and Śvetāmbara differ in other significant ways such as: Śvetāmbaras trace their practices and dress code to the teachings of Parshvanatha, the 23rd tirthankara, which they believe taught only Four restraints (a claim, scholars say are confirmed by the ancient Buddhist texts that discuss Jain monastic life).
Emperor Asoka and Moggaliputta-Tissa at the Third Buddhist Council, at the Nava Jetavana, Shravasti The minor pillar edict of Sarnath discusses divisions in the sangha and how the sangha was unified through the aid of the emperor Ashoka. Three ‘Minor Pillar Edicts’ (at Sarnath, Sāñchī, and Kosambi) discuss the divisions and unification.
The four pārājikas (lit. "defeats") are rules entailing expulsion from the sangha for life. If a monk breaks any one of the rules he is automatically "defeated" in the holy life and falls from monkhood immediately. He is not allowed to become a monk again in his lifetime. Intention is necessary in all these four cases to constitute an offence.
Langdarma rules in Tibet, and persecutes Buddhism 838–847: Ennin, a priest of the Tendai school, travels in China for nine years. He reaches both the famous Buddhist mountain of Wutaishan and the Chinese capital, Chang'an, keeping a detailed diary that is a primary source for this period of Chinese history, including the Buddhist persecution ...
These timelines of world history detail recorded events since the creation of writing roughly 5000 years ago to the present day. For events from c. 3200 BC – c. 500 see: Timeline of ancient history; For events from c. 500 – c. 1499, see: Timeline of post-classical history; For events from c. 1500, see: Timelines of modern history