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External Data Representation (XDR) is a standard data serialization format, for uses such as computer network protocols. It allows data to be transferred between different kinds of computer systems. Converting from the local representation to XDR is called encoding. Converting from XDR to the local representation is called decoding.
Encoding and decoding of ANS are performed in opposite directions, making it a stack for symbols. This inconvenience is usually resolved by encoding in backward direction, after which decoding can be done forward. For context-dependence, like Markov model, the encoder needs to use context from the perspective of later decoding. For adaptivity ...
The physical layer is responsible for physical transmission of the data, link encapsulation allows local area networking, IP provides global addressing of individual computers, and TCP selects the process or application (i.e., the TCP or UDP port) that specifies the service such as a Web or TFTP server.
Most of the tools supporting ASN.1 do the following: parse the ASN.1 files, generates the equivalent declaration in a programming language (like C or C++), generates the encoding and decoding functions based on the previous declarations. A list of tools supporting ASN.1 can be found on the ITU-T Tool web page.
In information theory, data compression, source coding, [1] or bit-rate reduction is the process of encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation. [2] Any particular compression is either lossy or lossless. Lossless compression reduces bits by identifying and eliminating statistical redundancy. No information is lost in ...
Data communication, including data transmission and data reception, is the transfer of data, transmitted and received over a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication channel. Examples of such channels are copper wires , optical fibers , wireless communication using radio spectrum , storage media and computer buses .
The receiver is designed so that either code word of the pair decodes to the same data bits. Examples include alternate mark inversion, Differential Manchester encoding, coded mark inversion and Miller encoding. differential coding each symbol relative to the previous symbol. Examples include MLT-3 encoding and NRZI.
To convolutionally encode data, start with k memory registers, each holding one input bit.Unless otherwise specified, all memory registers start with a value of 0. The encoder has n modulo-2 adders (a modulo 2 adder can be implemented with a single Boolean XOR gate, where the logic is: 0+0 = 0, 0+1 = 1, 1+0 = 1, 1+1 = 0), and n generator polynomials — one for each adder (see figure below).