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Therefore, all known gauge bosons are vector bosons. Gauge bosons are different from the other kinds of bosons: first, fundamental scalar bosons (the Higgs boson); second, mesons, which are composite bosons, made of quarks; third, larger composite, non-force-carrying bosons, such as certain atoms.
A scalar boson is a boson whose spin equals zero. [1] A boson is a particle whose wave function is symmetric under particle exchange and therefore follows Bose–Einstein statistics. The spin–statistics theorem implies that all bosons have an integer-valued spin. [2] Scalar bosons are the subset of bosons with zero-valued spin.
Quantum electrodynamics is an abelian gauge theory with the symmetry group U(1) and has one gauge field, the electromagnetic four-potential, with the photon being the gauge boson. The Standard Model is a non-abelian gauge theory with the symmetry group U(1) × SU(2) × SU(3) and has a total of twelve gauge bosons: the photon , three weak bosons ...
One scalar boson (spin = 0) H 0 Higgs boson – the particle that contributes to the phenomenon of mass via the Higgs mechanism; Four vector bosons (spin = 1) that act as force carriers. These are the gauge bosons: γ Photon – the force carrier of the electromagnetic field; g Gluons (eight different types) – force carriers that mediate the ...
Examples of bosonic fields include scalar fields, gauge fields, and symmetric 2-tensor fields, which are characterized by their covariance under Lorentz transformations and have spins 0, 1 and 2, respectively. Physical examples, in the same order, are the Higgs field, the photon field, and the graviton field.
Standard Model of Particle Physics. The diagram shows the elementary particles of the Standard Model (the Higgs boson, the three generations of quarks and leptons, and the gauge bosons), including their names, masses, spins, charges, chiralities, and interactions with the strong, weak and electromagnetic forces.
boson interacts with both left-handed particles and right-handed antiparticles. These three gauge bosons along with the photons are grouped together, as collectively mediating the electroweak interaction. Gravity: It is currently unexplained in the Standard Model, as the hypothetical mediating particle graviton has been proposed, but not ...
Feynman diagram of the fusion of two electroweak vector bosons to the scalar Higgs boson, which is a prominent process of the generation of Higgs bosons at particle accelerators (q: quark particle, W and Z: vector bosons of the electroweak interaction, H 0: Higgs boson) The W and Z particles interact with the Higgs boson as shown in the Feynman ...