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The byte has been a commonly used unit of measure for much of the information age to refer to a number of bits.In the early days of computing, it was used for differing numbers of bits based on convention and computer hardware design, but today means 8 bits.
Writing, reading or toggling bits in flags can be done only using the OR, AND and NOT operations – operations which can be performed quickly in the processor. To set a bit, OR the status byte with a mask byte. Any bits set in the mask byte or the status byte will be set in the result. To toggle a bit, XOR the status byte and the mask byte ...
5.0×10 1 bit/s Positioning system Bit rate for transmissions from GPS satellites [3] 5.6×10 1 bit/s Text data Bit rate for a skilled operator in Morse code [4] 10 3: kbit/s 4×10 3 bit/s Audio data Minimum achieved for encoding recognizable speech (using special-purpose speech codecs) 8×10 3 bit/s Audio data Low bit rate telephone quality 10 ...
For example, when shifting a 32 bit unsigned integer, a shift amount of 32 or higher would be undefined. Example: If the variable ch contains the bit pattern 11100101, then ch >> 1 will produce the result 01110010, and ch >> 2 will produce 00111001. Here blank spaces are generated simultaneously on the left when the bits are shifted to the right.
Similarly, a page frame is the smallest fixed-length contiguous block of physical memory into which memory pages are mapped by the operating system. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] A transfer of pages between main memory and an auxiliary store, such as a hard disk drive , is referred to as paging or swapping.
By default, the size of each page remains as 4 KB. Each entry in the page table and page directory becomes 64 bits long (8 bytes), instead of 32 bits, to allow for additional address bits. However, the size of each table does not change, so both table and directory now have only 512 entries.
In computer programming, a bitwise operation operates on a bit string, a bit array or a binary numeral (considered as a bit string) at the level of its individual bits.It is a fast and simple action, basic to the higher-level arithmetic operations and directly supported by the processor.
An Adler-32 checksum is obtained by calculating two 16-bit checksums A and B and concatenating their bits into a 32-bit integer. A is the sum of all bytes in the stream plus one, and B is the sum of the individual values of A from each step. At the beginning of an Adler-32 run, A is initialized to 1, B to 0. The sums are done modulo 65521 (the ...