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Serum vitamin B 12 is a medical laboratory test that measure vitamin B 12 only in the blood binding to both transcobalamins. [1] Most of the time, 80–94% of vitamin B 12 in the blood binds to haptocorrin, while only 6–20% is binds to transcobalamin ll. [2] Only transcobalamin ll is "active" and can be used by the body. [1]
For this reason, elevated serum homocysteine over 15 micromol/L and methylmalonic acid (MMA) over 0.271 micromol/L are considered better indicators of B 12 deficiency, rather than relying only on the concentration of B 12 in blood. [2]
Hypervitaminosis is a condition of abnormally high storage levels of vitamins, which can lead to various symptoms as over excitement, irritability, or even toxicity. Specific medical names of the different conditions are derived from the given vitamin involved: an excess of vitamin A , for example, is called hypervitaminosis A .
Evidence exists linking elevated homocysteine levels with vascular dementia [10] and Alzheimer's disease. [11] [12] [13] There is also evidence that elevated homocysteine levels and low levels of vitamin B6 and B12 are risk factors for mild cognitive impairment and dementia. [14]
Over time, a deficiency of B12 can cause problems with balance, confusion, depression, poor memory and possibly dementia, and it can even cause permanent damage to the nervous system, Somers says.
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References range may vary with age, sex, race, pregnancy, [10] diet, use of prescribed or herbal drugs and stress. Reference ranges often depend on the analytical method used, for reasons such as inaccuracy, lack of standardisation, lack of certified reference material and differing antibody reactivity. [11]
TC-2 binds cobalamin once it has been taken up by enterocytes of the terminal ileum and the "Intrinsic Factor-Vitamin B12" complex has been degraded. TC-2 is then involved with the transport of Vitamin B12 to the tissues, where it binds to its plasma membrane receptor (TC-2R), a heavily glycosylated protein with a monomeric molecular mass of 62 ...