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  2. List of Latin-script digraphs - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs

    ff , which may be written as the typographic ligature ff , is used in English and Cornish [4] for the same sound as single f , /f/. The doubling is used to indicate that the preceding vowel is (historically) short, or for etymological reasons, in latinisms .

  3. Word-initial ff - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word-initial_ff

    The English legal handwriting of the Middle Ages has no capital F. A double f (ff) was used to represent the capital letter. In transcribing, I should write F, not ff; e. g. Fiske, not ffiske. The replacement of manuscript word-initial ff by F is now a scholarly convention. [3] Usage in names such as Charles ffoulkes and Richard ffrench ...

  4. List of Latin-script letters - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_letters

    L with double middle tilde Teuthonista [4] ꬹ L with middle ring ꬷ ꭝ L with inverted lazy S ꝲ Lum Medieval abbreviation [25] Ꞁ ꞁ Turned L William Pryce's notation of Welsh [3] /ɬ/ ⅃ Reversed sans-serif capital L Ꟛ ꟛ Lambda: Salishan and Wakashan languages [26] ᴍ: Small capital M FUT [2] /m̥/ ꬺ M with crossed-tail ...

  5. Welsh orthography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_orthography

    Older borrowings of English words containing /dʒ/ resulted in the sound being pronounced and spelled in various other ways, resulting in occasional doublets such as Siapan and Japan ("Japan"). [ a ] The letters k, q, v, x, z are sometimes used in technical terms, like kilogram , volt and zero , but in all cases can be, and often are, nativised ...

  6. Digraph (orthography) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)

    In Welsh, the digraph ll fused for a time into a ligature.. A digraph (from Ancient Greek δίς (dís) 'double' and γράφω (gráphō) 'to write') or digram is a pair of characters used in the orthography of a language to write either a single phoneme (distinct sound), or a sequence of phonemes that does not correspond to the normal values of the two characters combined.

  7. Latin phonology and orthography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_phonology_and...

    Latin words in common use in English are generally fully assimilated into the English sound system, with little to mark them as foreign; for example, cranium, saliva. Other words have a stronger Latin feel to them, usually because of spelling features such as the digraphs ae and oe (occasionally written with the ligatures: æ and œ ...

  8. Middle English phonology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English_phonology

    Some words with the sound were borrowed into London Middle English, where the unfamiliar /y/ was substituted with /u/: gild < gyldan, did < dyde, sin < synn, mind < mynd, dizzy < dysiġ, lift < lyft etc. show the normal (Anglian) development; much < myċel shows the West Saxon development; merry < myriġ shows the Kentish development;

  9. List of English words that may be spelled with a ligature

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_words_that...

    Note that some words contain an ae which may not be written æ because the etymology is not from the Greek -αι-or Latin -ae-diphthongs. These include: In instances of aer (starting or within a word) when it makes the sound IPA [ɛə]/[eə] (air). Comes from the Latin āër, Greek ἀήρ. When ae makes the diphthong / eɪ / (lay) or / aɪ ...