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The Exercises are seen variously as an occasion for a change of life [2]: 18 and as a school of contemplative prayer. The most common way for laypersons to go through the Exercises now is a "retreat in daily life", which involves a five- to seven-month programme of daily prayer and meetings with a spiritual director. [17]
Prayer can take a variety of forms: it can be part of a set liturgy or ritual, and it can be performed alone or in groups. Prayer may take the form of a hymn, incantation, formal creedal statement, or a spontaneous utterance in the praying person. The act of prayer is attested in written sources as early as five thousand years ago.
The Yoga Centre at the Isha Foundation was founded in 1994, [7] and offers yoga programmes under the name Isha Yoga. This customised system of yoga [ 6 ] combines postural yoga with chanting, breathing ( prāṇāyāma ) [ 6 ] and meditation. [ 8 ]
Yoga Makaranda (Sanskrit: योग मकरन्द ), meaning "Essence of Yoga", is a 1934 book on hatha yoga by the influential pioneer of yoga as exercise, Tirumalai Krishnamacharya. Most of the text is a description of 42 asanas accompanied by 95 photographs of Krishnamacharya and his students executing the poses.
Sagarmal Jain divides the history of Jaina yoga and meditation into five stages, 1. pre-canonical (before sixth century BCE), 2. canonical age (fifth century BCE to fifth century CE), 3. post-canonical (sixth century CE to twelfth century CE), 4. age of tantra and rituals (thirteenth to nineteenth century CE), and 5. modern age (20th century on). [3]
Prayer (Sanskrit: प्रार्थना, romanized: prārthanā) is considered to be an integral part of the Hindu religion; it is practiced during Hindu worship and is an expression of devotion .
The teachings of Integral Yoga are rooted in the system of Yoga formalized by the sage Patanjali in the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali. [5] Foundational teachings include moral and ethical precepts (yama and niyama), which include non-violence, truthfulness, non-stealing, moderation, non-greed, purity, contentment, self-discipline, spiritual study, and leading a dedicated or selfless life. [6]
Jnana yoga is one of the types of yoga mentioned in Hindu philosophies. Jñāna in Sanskrit means "knowledge"; the word is derived from Sanskrit jna – to know. In the book, Swami Vivekananda describes "knowledge" as the ultimate goal. According to Swami Vivekananda, freedom is the object of Jnana Yoga. [3]