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The modern term "international law" was originally coined by Jeremy Bentham in his 1789 book Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation to replace the older law of nations, a direct translation of the late medieval concepts of ius gentium, used by Hugo Grotius, and droits des gens, used by Emer de Vattel.
Article 38(1) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice is generally recognized as a definitive statement of the sources of international law. [2] It requires the Court to apply, among other things, (a) international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states; (b) international custom, as evidence of a general ...
Basic concepts of international law such as treaties can be traced back thousands of years. [1] Early examples of treaties include around 2100 BC an agreement between the rulers of the city-states of Lagash and Umma in Mesopotamia, inscribed on a stone block, setting a prescribed boundary between their two states. [2]
Par in parem non habet imperium (Latin for ' equals have no sovereignty over each other ') is a general principle of international law, forming the basis of state immunity. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Because of this principle, a sovereign state cannot exercise jurisdiction over another sovereign state.
Many early international legal theorists were concerned with axiomatic truths thought to be reposed in natural law.Sixteenth century natural law writer, Francisco de Vitoria, a professor of theology at the University of Salamanca, examined the questions of the just war, the Spanish authority in the Americas, and the rights of the Native American people.
The International Court of Justice acknowledged in the Reparation for Injuries case that types of international legal personality other than statehood could exist and that the past half century has seen a significant expansion of the subjects of international law. Apart from states, international legal personality is also possessed by ...
International relations (IR), or International studies (IS), the study of foreign affairs and global issues among states within the international system; International law, implicit and explicit agreements that bind together sovereign states; United Nations (UN), an international organization to facilitate international cooperation
Public international law has a special status as law because there is no international police force, and courts (e.g. the International Court of Justice as the primary UN judicial organ) lack the capacity to penalise disobedience. The prevailing manner of enforcing international law is still essentially "self help"; that is the reaction by ...