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Normal vaginal discharge is composed of cervical mucus, vaginal fluid, shedding vaginal and cervical cells, and bacteria. [1] The majority of the liquid in vaginal discharge is mucus produced by glands of the cervix. [1] [4] The rest is made up of transudate from the vaginal walls and secretions from glands (Skene's and Bartholin's). [4]
Before reaching puberty until after menopause, women typically experience a natural and healthy occurrence of vaginal discharge. [23] This discharge comprises bacteria, desquamated epithelial cells shedding from the vaginal walls, along with mucus and fluid (plasma) produced by the cervix and vagina. [24]
After menopause the vaginal epithelium changes and becomes a few layers thick. [18] Many of the signs and symptoms that accompany menopause occur in atrophic vaginitis. [3] The earliest symptoms of atrophic vaginitis may be decreased vaginal lubrication, while other symptoms may appear later. [14] Genitourinary symptoms include dryness [3] [19 ...
Pelvic pain (along with abnormal bleeding and brown discharge) is a symptom of cervical cancer. If you're experiencing these symptoms and haven't had a Pap smear in the past year, talk to your doc.
When associated with the endocervix, it is associated with a mucous vaginal discharge and sexually transmitted infections such as chlamydia and gonorrhoea. [57] As many as half of pregnant women having a gonorrheal infection of the cervix are asymptomatic. [58] Other causes include overgrowth of the commensal flora of the vagina. [47]
Diagram illustrating how the uterus lining builds up and breaks down during the menstrual cycle Menstruation (also known as a period, among other colloquial terms) is the regular discharge of blood and mucosal tissue from the inner lining of the uterus through the vagina. The menstrual cycle is characterized by the rise and fall of hormones. Menstruation is triggered by falling progesterone ...
Leukorrhea can be confirmed by finding >10 WBC per high-power field under a microscope when examining vaginal fluid. [6] Vaginal discharge is normal, and causes of change in discharge include infection, malignancy, and hormonal changes. It sometimes occurs before an adolescent female has her first period, and is considered a sign of puberty.
[29] [30] Though mucus is not produced by the vaginal epithelium, mucus originates from the cervix. [8] The cervical mucus that is located inside the vagina can be used to assess fertility in ovulating women. [29] The Bartholin's glands and Skene's glands located at the entrance of the vagina do produce mucus. [31]