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The matrix exponential then gives us a map : (,) from the space of all n×n matrices to the general linear group of degree n, i.e. the group of all n×n invertible matrices. In fact, this map is surjective which means that every invertible matrix can be written as the exponential of some other matrix [ 9 ] (for this, it is essential to consider ...
In mathematics, a block matrix or a partitioned matrix is a matrix that is interpreted as having been broken into sections called blocks or submatrices. [1] [2]Intuitively, a matrix interpreted as a block matrix can be visualized as the original matrix with a collection of horizontal and vertical lines, which break it up, or partition it, into a collection of smaller matrices.
In mathematics, every analytic function can be used for defining a matrix function that maps square matrices with complex entries to square matrices of the same size. This is used for defining the exponential of a matrix , which is involved in the closed-form solution of systems of linear differential equations .
Let () (that is, a n × n complex matrix) and () be the change of basis matrix to the Jordan normal form of A; that is, A = C −1 JC.Now let f (z) be a holomorphic function on an open set such that ; that is, the spectrum of the matrix is contained inside the domain of holomorphy of f.
The exponential of a matrix A is defined by =!. Given a matrix B, another matrix A is said to be a matrix logarithm of B if e A = B.. Because the exponential function is not bijective for complex numbers (e.g. = =), numbers can have multiple complex logarithms, and as a consequence of this, some matrices may have more than one logarithm, as explained below.
The exponential representation of an orthogonal matrix of order can also be obtained starting from the fact that in dimension any special orthogonal matrix can be written as =, where is orthogonal and S is a block diagonal matrix with ⌊ / ⌋ blocks of order 2, plus one of order 1 if is odd; since each single block of order 2 is also an ...
In general, a square complex matrix A is similar to a block diagonal matrix = [] where each block J i is a square matrix of the form = []. So there exists an invertible matrix P such that P −1 AP = J is such that the only non-zero entries of J are on the diagonal and the superdiagonal.
In particular, this is the case if the matrix A is independent of t. In the general case, however, the expression above is no longer the solution of the problem. The approach introduced by Magnus to solve the matrix initial-value problem is to express the solution by means of the exponential of a certain n × n matrix function Ω(t, t 0):