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Gender and health. Gender refers to the characteristics of women, men, girls and boys that are socially constructed. This includes norms, behaviours and roles associated with being a woman, man, girl or boy, as well as relationships with each other. As a social construct, gender varies from society to society and can change over time.
Gender identity refers to a person’s internal sense of being male, female or something else; gender expression refers to the way a person communicates gender identity to others through behavior, clothing, hairstyles, voice or body characteristics. “Trans” is sometimes used as shorthand for “transgender.”. While transgender is ...
Gender norms, roles and relations, and gender inequality and inequity, affect people’s health all around the world. This Q&A examines the links between gender and health, highlighting WHO’s ongoing work to address gender-related barriers to healthcare, advance gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls in all their diversity, and achieve health for all.
Female genital mutilation is classified into 4 major types: Type 1: This is the partial or total removal of the clitoral glans (the external and visible part of the clitoris, which is a sensitive part of the female genitals), and/or the prepuce/clitoral hood (the fold of skin surrounding the clitoral glans). Type 2: This is the partial or total ...
Hypothesis 5: There will be a nonlinear relationship between percentage of male raters and gender differences in percep-tions of leadership effectiveness such that as the percentage of male raters is close to 50%, gender will be less salient and gender differences in perceived effectiveness will be small.
Sexual orientation and gender diversity. Sexual orientation is an often enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both. It also refers to an individual’s sense of personal and social identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those ...
A person’s deeply-felt, inherent sense of being a boy, a man, or male; a girl, a woman, or female; or . an alternative gender (e.g., genderqueer, gender non-conforming, boygirl, ladyboi) which may or may not correspond to a person’s sex assigned at birth or to a person’s primary or secondary sex characteristics. Since gender identity is
Gender-based violence, unintended pregnancies, early and forced marriage, and female genital mutilation are present in the WHO European Region. Discrimination influences people’s experience of and access to healthcare, putting the health and well-being of groups of women, men and people with diverse gender identities at risk.
Relevant to possible shifts in gender stereotypes, the social roles of women and men have changed since the mid-20th century (for causes, see Blau & Winkler, 2018). Female and male labor force participation has converged considerably in the United States, as in many other nations (Ortiz-Ospina & Tzvetkova, 2017).
Female gender is the strongest breast cancer risk factor. Approximately 99% of breast cancers occur in women and 0.5–1% of breast cancers occur in men. The treatment of breast cancer in men follows the same principles of management as for women.