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For two bodies, the parameter may be expressed as G(m 1 + m 2), or as GM when one body is much larger than the other: = (+). For several objects in the Solar System, the value of μ is known to greater accuracy than either G or M. The SI unit of the standard gravitational parameter is m 3 ⋅s −2.
Cavendish's result was first improved upon by John Henry Poynting (1891), [24] who published a value of 5.49(3) g⋅cm −3, differing from the modern value by 0.2%, but compatible with the modern value within the cited relative standard uncertainty of 0.55%.
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the ... 1.326 g/cm 3, [e] is lower than those ... and they used this information to determine a more precise value for Jupiter's ...
The mass of Jupiter is derived from the measured value called the Jovian mass parameter, which is denoted with GM J. The mass of Jupiter is calculated by dividing GM J by the constant G. For celestial bodies such as Jupiter, Earth and the Sun, the value of the GM product is known to many orders of magnitude more precisely than either factor ...
For gaseous bodies, the "surface" is taken to mean visible surface: the cloud tops of the giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune), and the Sun's photosphere. The values in the table have not been de-rated for the centrifugal force effect of planet rotation (and cloud-top wind speeds for the giant planets) and therefore, generally ...
All that was needed to obtain a numerical value for standard gravity was now to measure the gravitational strength at the International Bureau. This task was given to Gilbert Étienne Defforges of the Geographic Service of the French Army. The value he found, based on measurements taken in March and April 1888, was 9.80991(5) m⋅s −2. [6]
It is approximately equal to the mean Earth–Sun distance. It was formerly defined as that length for which the Gaussian gravitational constant (k) takes the value 0.017 202 098 95 when the units of measurement are the astronomical units of length, mass and time. [1] The dimensions of k 2 are those of the constant of gravitation (G), i.e., L 3 ...
The surface gravity, g, of an astronomical object is the gravitational acceleration experienced at its surface at the equator, including the effects of rotation. The surface gravity may be thought of as the acceleration due to gravity experienced by a hypothetical test particle which is very close to the object's surface and which, in order not to disturb the system, has negligible mass.