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The extent of Earth's magnetic field in space defines the magnetosphere. Ions and electrons of the solar wind are deflected by the magnetosphere; solar wind pressure compresses the day-side of the magnetosphere, to about 10 Earth radii, and extends the night-side magnetosphere into a long tail. [148]
The escape velocity required to pull free of Earth's gravitational field altogether and move into interplanetary space is about 11,200 m/s (40,300 km/h; 25,100 mph). [94] Orbiting spacecraft with a perigee below about 2,000 km (1,200 mi) are subject to drag from the Earth's atmosphere, [95] which decreases the orbital altitude. The rate of ...
Earth: 12,756.2 km (equatorial) 1.28×10 4: 4.11: Measurement comprises just the solid part of the Earth; there is no agreed upper boundary for Earth's atmosphere. The geocorona, a layer of UV-luminescent hydrogen atoms, lies at 100,000 km. The Kármán line, defined as the boundary of space for astronautics, lies at 100 km. [12] [13] [14] [15]
Space colonization – Concept of permanent human habitation outside of Earth; Space industry – Activities related to manufacturing components that go into Earth's orbit or beyond; Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes; Batteries in space; Control engineering – Engineering discipline that deals with control systems
From icy worlds with more fresh water than Earth to flying mountains of pure metal, asteroids shaped Earth's past and promise much for the future. These enigmatic space rocks may hold the key to how life in the Universe arises and is extinguished.
The rotation axis of Earth is centered and vertical. The dense clusters of lines are within Earth's core. [22] Earth's magnetic field, also known as the geomagnetic field, is the magnetic field that extends from Earth's interior out into space, where it interacts with the solar wind, a stream of charged particles emanating from the Sun.
Super-Earth – exoplanet with a mass higher than Earth's, but substantially below those of the Solar System's ice giants. Mini-Neptune – also known as a gas dwarf or transitional planet. A planet up to 10 Earth masses, but less massive than Uranus and Neptune. Super-Jupiter – an exoplanet more massive than Jupiter.
Moho Discontinuity– The line between the crust and the Earth's mantle. Earth's mantle – The part of the interior of the planet Earth between the crust and the core. By diffusion of seismic waves Lithosphere – The rigid, outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet or natural satellite that is defined by its rigid mechanical properties.