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Domesday Book encompasses two independent works (originally in two physical volumes): "Little Domesday" (covering Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex), and "Great Domesday" (covering much of the remainder of England – except for lands in the north that later became Westmorland, Cumberland, Northumberland, and the County Palatine of Durham – and parts of Wales bordering and included within English ...
At the bottom of the feudal pyramid were the tenants who lived on and worked the land (called the tenants in demesne and also the tenant paravail). In the middle were the lords who had no direct relationship with the King, or with the land in question - referred to as mesne lords. Land was granted in return for various "services" and "incidents".
During the twelfth century, the divisions between the English and Normans began to dissolve as a result of intermarriage and cohabitation. [105] By the end of the twelfth century, and possibly as early as the 1150s, contemporary commentators believed the two peoples to be blending, and the loss of the Duchy in 1204 reinforced this trend. [106]
The hide was an English unit of land measurement originally intended to represent the amount of land sufficient to support a household. It was traditionally taken to be 120 historical acres or 48 acres (19 hectares), but was in fact a measure of value and tax assessment, including obligations for food-rent (feorm), maintenance and repair of bridges and fortifications, manpower for the army ...
G Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales (1400) The Parson's Tale, §68 Feudalism had not always been a part of English society, rather than being positively imposed by the monarchs prior to the Norman Invasion. However, from 1348 everything changed as the Black Death swept through Europe, killing a third of the population. People like the poet Geoffrey Chaucer had seen subservience as part of a ...
By the 11th century, a market economy was flourishing across much of England, while the eastern and southern towns were heavily involved in international trade. [246] Around 6,000 watermills were built to grind flour, freeing up labour for other more productive agricultural tasks. [247]
Buckinghamshire Hundreds in 1832. Until at least the time of the Domesday Survey in 1086 there were 18 hundreds in Buckinghamshire. [11] It has been suggested however that neighbouring hundreds had already become more closely associated in the 11th century so that by the end of the 14th century the original or ancient hundreds had been consolidated into 8 larger hundreds.
Ploughmen at work with oxen. Agriculture formed the bulk of the English economy at the time of the Norman invasion. [16] Twenty years after the invasion, 35% of England was covered in arable land, 25% was put to pasture, 15% was covered by woodlands and the remaining 25% was predominantly moorland, fens and heaths. [17]