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  2. Randomness test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomness_test

    For the most part, statistical analysis has, in practice, been much more concerned with finding regularities in data as opposed to testing for randomness. Many "random number generators" in use today are defined by algorithms, and so are actually pseudo-random number generators. The sequences they produce are called pseudo-random sequences.

  3. Sampling (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(statistics)

    A visual representation of the sampling process. In statistics, quality assurance, and survey methodology, sampling is the selection of a subset or a statistical sample (termed sample for short) of individuals from within a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole population.

  4. Probability density function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_density_function

    This is also called a "change of variable" and is in practice used to generate a random variable of arbitrary shape f g(X) = f Y using a known (for instance, uniform) random number generator. It is tempting to think that in order to find the expected value E(g(X)), one must first find the probability density f g(X) of the new random variable Y ...

  5. Exchangeable random variables - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchangeable_random_variables

    Formally, an exchangeable sequence of random variables is a finite or infinite sequence X 1, X 2, X 3, ... of random variables such that for any finite permutation σ of the indices 1, 2, 3, ..., (the permutation acts on only finitely many indices, with the rest fixed), the joint probability distribution of the permuted sequence

  6. Testing hypotheses suggested by the data - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testing_hypotheses...

    Testing a hypothesis suggested by the data can very easily result in false positives (type I errors). If one looks long enough and in enough different places, eventually data can be found to support any hypothesis. Yet, these positive data do not by themselves constitute evidence that the hypothesis is correct. The negative test data that were ...

  7. Missing data - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_data

    Values in a data set are missing completely at random (MCAR) if the events that lead to any particular data-item being missing are independent both of observable variables and of unobservable parameters of interest, and occur entirely at random. [5] When data are MCAR, the analysis performed on the data is unbiased; however, data are rarely ...

  8. Worksheet - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worksheet

    Analysts, investors, and accountants track a company's financial statements, balance sheets, and other data on worksheets. In spreadsheet programs like the open source LibreOffice Calc or Microsoft 's Excel , a single document is known as a 'workbook' and may have by default three arrays or 'worksheets'.

  9. Multiple comparisons problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_comparisons_problem

    30 samples of 10 dots of random color (blue or red) are observed. On each sample, a two-tailed binomial test of the null hypothesis that blue and red are equally probable is performed. The first row shows the possible p-values as a function of the number of blue and red dots in the sample.

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