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Like other antibiotics, cefalexin cannot treat viral infections, such as the flu, common cold or acute bronchitis. [4] Cefalexin can be used in those who have mild or moderate allergies to penicillin. [4] However, it is not recommended in those with severe penicillin allergies. [4] Common side effects include stomach upset and diarrhea. [4]
There are various forms, [2] and some drugs may affect kidney function in more than one way. Nephrotoxins are substances displaying nephrotoxicity. Nephrotoxicity should not be confused with some medications predominantly excreted by the kidneys needing their dose adjusted for the decreased kidney function (e.g., heparin, lithium).
In the United States, acute failure affects about 3 per 1,000 people a year. [8] Chronic failure affects about 1 in 1,000 people with 3 per 10,000 people newly developing the condition each year. [1] [10] In Canada, the lifetime risk of kidney failure or end-stage renal disease (ESRD) was estimated to be 2.66% for men and 1.76% for women. [11]
Kidney disease can affect drug elimination, absorption, and distribution in the body, leading to altered serum drug concentrations. This can increase the risk of drug toxicity or suboptimal therapeutic effects. As a result, dosage adjustments are necessary for patients who fail to achieve the desired therapeutic serum drug levels. [27]
In chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis, the most serious long-term effect is kidney failure. When the proximal tubule is injured, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, uric acid , and phosphate reabsorption may be reduced or changed, resulting in low bicarbonate, known as metabolic acidosis , low potassium, low uric acid known as hypouricemia , and ...
But some research has noted rare but serious side effects of once-weekly, 2.4-milligram (mg) semaglutide injections, such as pancreatitis, acute kidney injury, gallbladder issues, and thyroid cancer.
The various symptoms of acute kidney injury result from the various disturbances of kidney function that are associated with the disease. Accumulation of urea and other nitrogen-containing substances in the bloodstream lead to a number of symptoms, such as fatigue , loss of appetite , headache , nausea , and vomiting . [ 6 ]
Other forms of antibiotic-associated harm include anaphylaxis, drug toxicity most notably kidney and liver damage, and super-infections with resistant organisms. Antibiotics are also known to affect mitochondrial function, [125] and this may contribute to the bioenergetic failure of immune cells seen in sepsis. [126]
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