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The attractive force draws molecules closer together and gives a real gas a tendency to occupy a smaller volume than an ideal gas. Which interaction is more important depends on temperature and pressure (see compressibility factor). In a gas, the distances between molecules are generally large, so intermolecular forces have only a small effect.
The interaction of these intermolecular forces varies within a substance which determines many of the physical properties unique to each gas. [11] [12] A comparison of boiling points for compounds formed by ionic and covalent bonds leads us to this conclusion. [13] Compared to the other states of matter, gases have low density and viscosity.
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In chemistry, sigma hole interactions (or σ-hole interactions) are a family of intermolecular forces that can occur between several classes of molecules and arise from an energetically stabilizing interaction between a positively-charged site, termed a sigma hole, and a negatively-charged site, typically a lone pair, on different atoms that are not covalently bonded to each other. [1]
Interaction energy of an argon dimer.The long-range section is due to London dispersion forces. London dispersion forces (LDF, also known as dispersion forces, London forces, instantaneous dipole–induced dipole forces, fluctuating induced dipole bonds [1] or loosely as van der Waals forces) are a type of intermolecular force acting between atoms and molecules that are normally electrically ...
[19] [20] [21] All atoms and molecules can partake in van der Waals and London dispersion forces . It is the lack or presence of other intermolecular interactions based on the atom or molecule that affords materials unique properties. [19]
The strength of pairwise van der Waals type interactions is on the order of 12 kJ/mol (120 meV) for low-melting Pb and on the order of 32 kJ/mol (330 meV) for high-melting Pt , which is about one order of magnitude stronger than in Xe due to the presence of a highly polarizable free electron gas. [12] Accordingly, van der Waals forces can range ...
In condensed matter physics and physical chemistry, the Lifshitz theory of van der Waals forces, sometimes called the macroscopic theory of van der Waals forces, is a method proposed by Evgeny Mikhailovich Lifshitz in 1954 for treating van der Waals forces between bodies which does not assume pairwise additivity of the individual intermolecular forces; that is to say, the theory takes into ...