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Enterococcus is a large genus of lactic acid bacteria of the phylum Bacillota. Enterococci are Gram-positive cocci that often occur in pairs ( diplococci ) or short chains, and are difficult to distinguish from streptococci on physical characteristics alone. [ 2 ]
The Enterococcaceae are a family of Gram-positive bacteria placed in the order Lactobacillales. [1] Representative genera include Enterococcus, Melissococcus, Pilibacter, Tetragenococcus, and Vagococcus. In this family are some important lactic acid bacteria which produce lactic acid as the major metabolic end product. [1]
Enterococcus faecium is a Gram-positive, gamma-hemolytic or non-hemolytic bacterium in the genus Enterococcus. [1] It can be commensal (innocuous, coexisting organism) in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals, [2] but it may also be pathogenic, causing diseases such as neonatal meningitis or endocarditis.
Prior to 1984, enterococci were members of the genus Streptococcus; thus, E. faecalis was known as Streptococcus faecalis. [29] In 2013, a combination of cold denaturation and NMR spectroscopy was used to show detailed insights into the unfolding of the E. faecalis homodimeric repressor protein CylR2. [30]
Enterococcus solitarius is a species of the genus Enterococcus. It is gram-positive, catalase-negative, and facultatively anaerobic. It was discovered in 1989 alongside Enterococcus raffinosus and Enterococcus pseudoavium [2] Transfer to Tetragenococcus has been proposed. [3]
Enterococcus raffinosus is a bacterial species of the Gram-positive genus Enterococcus, named for its facultative anaerobic metabolism, including the ability to ferment the trisaccharide raffinose. [1] This mesophilic microaerophile has optimal growth at 37°C in Columbia Blood Medium (agar mixture of trypticase soy and brain heart infusion). [2]
Enterococcus aquimarinus have elongated and often lanceolate cells and they occur in pairs or in small groups. This bacteria can be found on different types of food and plants but mostly in water.
Enterococcus gallinarum is a species of Enterococcus. [3] E. gallinarum demonstrates an inherent, low-level resistance to vancomycin.Resistance is due to a chromosomal gene, vanC, which encodes for a terminal D-alanine-D-serine instead of the usual D-alanine-D-alanine in cell wall peptidoglycan precursor proteins. [4]