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This is the origin of money according to Smith. Money, as a universally desired medium of exchange, allows each half of the transaction to be separated. [3] Barter is characterized in Adam Smith's "The Wealth of Nations" by a disparaging vocabulary: "haggling, swapping, dickering". It has also been characterized as negative reciprocity, or ...
Others view the credit theory of money (money of account) as more plausible and may posit a key role for the state in establishing money. The commodity theory is more widely held and much of this article is written from that point of view. [21] Overall, the different theories of money developed by economists largely focus on functions, use, and ...
The first formal credit theory of money arose in the 19th century. Anthropologist David Graeber has argued that for most of human history, money has been widely understood to represent debt, though he concedes that even prior to the modern era, there have been several periods where rival theories like metallism have held sway.
Barter exchange – Direct reciprocal exchange of goods or services without the use of money; Multilateral exchange – Transaction, or forum for transactions, which involve more than two parties; Mutualism – Anarchist school of thought and socialist economic theory; Savings pools – Form of peer-to-peer banking
[12] [13] Graeber's criticism partly relies on and follows that made by A. Mitchell Innes in his 1913 article "What is money?". Innes refutes the barter theory of money, by examining historic evidence and showing that early coins never were of consistent value nor of more or less consistent metal content.
In metallist economic theory, the value of the currency derives from the market value of the commodity upon which it is based independent of its monetary role. Carl Menger (1840–1921) theorized that money came about when buyers and sellers in a market agreed on a common commodity as a medium of exchange in order to reduce the costs of barter ...
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There are two primary nonmonetized sectors in the economy: subsistence and barter. [16] [7] Modern economic publications define the economy demonetization as an increase in the share of barter in the economic life and its displacement of money as a medium of exchange.