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The nakfa is pegged to the US dollar at a fixed rate of US$1 = ERN 15. At earlier times, [when?] it was officially pegged at US$1 = ERN 13.50. The currency is not fully convertible, so black market rates available on the streets typically offered a rate of 15 nakfas per dollar. [2] [needs update]
On 1 August, the government ordered the shutdown of dozens of businesses due to surging prices of basic commodities in Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa City Trade Bureau spokesperson Sewnet Ayele said, "the businesses were caught making unreasonable price increases, mostly on food items. The stocks were imported before the new exchange rate."
De Facto Classification of Exchange Rate Arrangements, as of April 30, 2021, and Monetary Policy Frameworks [2]; Exchange rate arrangement (Number of countries) Exchange rate anchor
Fixed currency Anchor currency Rate (anchor / fixed) Abkhazian apsar: Russian ruble: 0.1 Alderney pound (only coins) [1]: Pound sterling: 1 Aruban florin: U.S. dollar: 1.79
USD Cent: 100 Bitcoin [5] ₿ (none) Satoshi: 100000000 Equatorial Guinea: Central African CFA franc: F.CFA XAF Centime: 100 Eritrea: Eritrean nakfa: Nkf ERN Cent: 100 Estonia: Euro € EUR Cent: 100 Eswatini: Swazi lilangeni: L or E (pl.) SZL Cent: 100 South African rand: R ZAR Cent: 100 Ethiopia: Ethiopian birr: Br ETB Santim: 100 Falkland ...
A black market in Shinbashi in 1946 Illegal street traders in Barcelona in 2015. A black market, underground economy, shadow market or shadow economy is a clandestine market or series of transactions that has some aspect of illegality or is not compliant with an institutional set of rules. If the rule defines the set of goods and services whose ...
Black Monday (also known as Black Tuesday in some parts of the world due to time zone differences) was the global, severe and largely unexpected [1] stock market crash on Monday, October 19, 1987. Worldwide losses were estimated at US$1.71 trillion. [ 2 ]
This had the effect of driving nearly all commerce underground, where black market prices for commodities were the norm, and nothing existed on store shelves. By 1983, one U.S. dollar equalled about 120 cedis on the black market; a pack of cigarettes cost about ₵150 (if they could be found), but the bank rate continued at ₵2.80 = $1.00.