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Oseltamivir, sold under the brand name Tamiflu among others, is an antiviral medication used to treat and prevent influenza A and influenza B, viruses that cause the flu. [5] Many medical organizations recommend it in people who have complications or are at high risk of complications within 48 hours of first symptoms of infection. [ 6 ]
The current production method is based on the first scalable synthesis developed by Gilead Sciences [4] starting from naturally occurring quinic acid or shikimic acid.Due to lower yields and the extra steps required (because of the additional dehydration), the quinic acid route was dropped in favour of the one based on shikimic acid, which received further improvements by Hoffmann-La Roche.
Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) are a class of drugs which block the neuraminidase enzyme. They are a commonly used antiviral drug type against influenza. Viral neuraminidases are essential for influenza reproduction, facilitating viral budding from the host cell.
However, the Vietnamese girl who had received a prophylactic dose (75 mg once a day) was found to be non-responsive to the medication. In growing fears of a global avian flu pandemic, scientists began to look for a cause of resistance to the Tamiflu medication.
Shikimic acid can also be extracted from the seeds of the sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) fruit, [2] which is abundant in North America, in yields of around 1.5%. For example, 4 kg (8.8 lb) of sweetgum seeds is needed for fourteen packages of Tamiflu. By comparison, star anise has been reported to yield 3% to 7% shikimic acid.
After seeing the noticeable difference between a 5-year-old horse and a 29-year-old horse, I had the same question as Jessy, who admitted, "I just realized I have no idea what the average lifespan ...
The standard dose is about the same, 1–2 mg per pound of body weight, but a slightly higher dose of 3 mg per pound may be helpful with some dogs. (This is higher than the dose recommended, but ...
For instance, in a study in Ecuador, micronutrient deficiencies were found to be common in the elderly, especially for vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, folic acid, and zinc, and these are thought to weaken the immune system or cause anemia and thus place people at greater risk of respiratory infections such as influenza. [31]
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