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FA is commonly produced by reacting CO with methanol in the presence of a strong base, followed by methyl formate hydrolysis, hydrolysis of formamide, and acidolysis of formate salts. However, FA can also be sustainably produced from the direct electroreduction of CO 2 , which neutralizes the impacts of the production of CO 2 from the fuel cell ...
When utilized as a fuel cell, the reversible solid oxide cell is capable of oxidizing one or more gaseous fuels to produce electricity and heat. When used as an electrolysis cell, the same device can consume electricity and heat to convert back the products of the oxidation reaction into valuable fuels.
Power-to-heat systems are also able to supply buildings or industrial systems with heat. [16] Power-to-heat involves contributing to the heat sector, either by resistance heating or via a heat pump. Resistance heaters have unity efficiency, and the corresponding coefficient of performance (COP) of heat pumps is 2–5. [6]
Some methanogenic organisms convert formate into hydrogen and bicarbonate, providing hydrogen for other methanogens. Formate can be assimilated by formatotrophs in syntrophic associations with methanogens present during oxidation of formate; otherwise, formate oxidation would not be energetically sufficient to support growth and is ...
Carbon-neutral fuel is fuel which produces no net-greenhouse gas emissions or carbon footprint. In practice, this usually means fuels that are made using carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) as a feedstock . Proposed carbon-neutral fuels can broadly be grouped into synthetic fuels , which are made by chemically hydrogenating carbon dioxide, and biofuels ...
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Formic acid can be used directly in formic acid fuel cells or indirectly in hydrogen fuel cells. [39] [40] Electrolytic conversion of electrical energy to chemical fuel has been proposed as a large-scale source of formate by various groups. [41] The formate could be used as feed to modified E. coli bacteria for producing biomass.
Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) means converting nitrogen oxides, also referred to as NO x with the aid of a catalyst into diatomic nitrogen (N 2), and water (H 2 O). A reductant, typically anhydrous ammonia (NH 3), aqueous ammonia (NH 4 OH), or a urea (CO(NH 2) 2) solution, is added to a stream of flue or exhaust gas and is reacted onto a ...