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A series of processes that involve carbonization. [2]Carbonization is a pyrolytic reaction, therefore, is considered a complex process in which many reactions take place concurrently such as dehydrogenation, condensation, hydrogen transfer and isomerization.
The conversion of ethanol to ethylene is a fundamental example: [3] [4] CH 3 CH 2 OH → H 2 C=CH 2 + H 2 O. The reaction is accelerated by acid catalysts such as sulfuric acid and certain zeolites. These reactions often proceed via carbocation intermediates as shown for the dehydration of cyclohexanol. [5] Some alcohols are prone to dehydration.
Among the simplest examples are the methenium CH + 3, methanium CH + 5, acylium ions RCO +, and vinyl C 2 H + 3 cations. [2] Until the early 1970s, carbocations were called carbonium ions. [3] In the present-day definition given by the IUPAC, a carbocation is any even-electron cation with significant partial positive charge on a carbon atom.
MICROORGANISM TYPE ( Bacterium / Fungus ) FOOD / BEVERAGE Acetobacter aceti: bacterium: chocolate [1]Acetobacter aceti: bacterium: vinegar [2]Acetobacter cerevisiae
Another example is the bioconversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol, which is part of scientific research for many decades. Another example of bioconversion is the conversion of organic materials , such as plant or animal waste, into usable products or energy sources by biological processes or agents, such as certain microorganisms , some ...
An example of a reaction taking place with an S N 1 reaction mechanism is the hydrolysis of tert-butyl bromide forming tert-butanol: This S N 1 reaction takes place in three steps: Formation of a tert-butyl carbocation by separation of a leaving group (a bromide anion) from the carbon atom: this step is slow. [5] Recombination of carbocation ...
The Koch reaction is an organic reaction for the synthesis of tertiary carboxylic acids from alcohols or alkenes and carbon monoxide.Some commonly industrially produced Koch acids include pivalic acid, 2,2-dimethylbutyric acid and 2,2-dimethylpentanoic acid. [1]
A Wagner–Meerwein rearrangement is a class of carbocation 1,2-rearrangement reactions in which a hydrogen, alkyl or aryl group migrates from one carbon to a neighboring carbon. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] They can be described as cationic [1,2]- sigmatropic rearrangements, proceeding suprafacially and with stereochemical retention.