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Cephalopods, as active marine predators, possess sensory organs specialized for use in aquatic conditions. [1] They have a camera-type eye which consists of an iris, a circular lens, vitreous cavity (eye gel), pigment cells, and photoreceptor cells that translate light from the light-sensitive retina into nerve signals which travel along the optic nerve to the brain. [2]
There are two sets of ocular tentacles: one set in front of the eye (pre-ocular) and one set behind the eye (post-ocular). The digital and labial tentacles are arrayed circularly around the mouth, with the digital tentacles forming the outermost ring and the labial tentacles in between the digital tentacles and the mouth.
Pulmonate land snails usually have two sets of tentacles on their head: the upper pair have an eye at the end; the lower pair are for olfaction. [1]In anatomy, an eyestalk (sometimes spelled eye stalk and also known as an ommatophore) is a protrusion that extends an eye away from the body, giving the eye a better field of view. [1]
Left untreated, the condition can put you at risk for eye infections and damage the surface of your eye, according to Mayo Clinic so it’s important to see an eye doctor if you’re experiencing ...
Additionally, the tentacles of the Nautilus also perform several sensory functions. Their ocular and preocular tentacles feature cilia, and operate as mechanoreceptors, while their digital tentacles have been hypothesised to feature a range of receptor cells. [15]
Scallops have up to 100 simple eyes. The molluscs have the widest variety of eye morphologies of any phylum, [1] and a large degree of variation in their function. Cephalopods such as octopus, squid, and cuttlefish have eyes as complex as those of vertebrates, while scallops have up to 100 simple eyes.
8 - nerve of the eye: Drawing of cross sections of the extracted tentacle (left) and constricted tentacle (right) with and eye of Helix pomatia. 1 - nerve of an eye 2 - 3 - 4 - eye 5 - tentacle ganglion 6 - epidermis 7 - 8 - nerve of an tentacle 9 - retractor muscle 10 - Well-developed lens eye of Eustrombus gigas on eyestalk has a black iris.
The most important factor that must be taken into account when designing any type of drug delivery device, and specifically ocular devices, is the release rate of a drug. As discussed previously, the deliver rate and kinetics associated with drugs to the eye can reach levels that are toxic to the eye or could even cause undesirable side effects.