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A Dictionary of Epidemiology, sponsored by the International Epidemiological Association, defines this as the following: "1. A flaw in measuring exposure, covariate , or outcome variables that results in different quality (accuracy) of information between comparison groups.
Recall bias is of particular concern in retrospective studies that use a case-control design to investigate the etiology of a disease or psychiatric condition. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] For example, in studies of risk factors for breast cancer , women who have had the disease may search their memories more thoroughly than members of the unaffected ...
Information bias may refer to: Information bias (epidemiology), bias arising in a clinical study because of misclassification of the level of exposure to the agent or factor being assessed and/or misclassification of the disease or other outcome itself. Information bias (psychology), a type of cognitive bias, involving e.g. distorted evaluation ...
Detection bias occurs when a phenomenon is more likely to be observed for a particular set of study subjects. For instance, the syndemic involving obesity and diabetes may mean doctors are more likely to look for diabetes in obese patients than in thinner patients, leading to an inflation in diabetes among obese patients because of skewed detection efforts.
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, ... unlike selection and information bias, confounding stems from real causal effects. ...
Another key example of observer bias is a 1963 study, "Psychology of the Scientist: V. Three Experiments in Experimenter Bias", [9] published by researchers Robert Rosenthal and Kermit L. Fode at the University of North Dakota. In this study, Rosenthal and Fode gave a group of twelve psychology students a total of sixty rats to run in some ...
The MRCT Center published an article in 2022 pointing out that often clinical trial data do not report the intersection of biological gender and race, and that some systematic reviews of clinical ...
In epidemiology, reporting bias is defined as "selective revealing or suppression of information" by subjects (for example about past medical history, smoking, sexual experiences). [1] In artificial intelligence research, the term reporting bias is used to refer to people's tendency to under-report all the information available. [2]