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  2. Hamiltonian (control theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian_(control_theory)

    (Note that the discrete time Hamiltonian at time involves the costate variable at time + [9] This small detail is essential so that when we differentiate with respect to we get a term involving + on the right hand side of the costate equations. Using a wrong convention here can lead to incorrect results, i.e. a costate equation which is not a ...

  3. Cost-of-production theory of value - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost-of-production_theory...

    In economics, the cost-of-production theory of value is the theory that the price of an object or condition is determined by the sum of the cost of the resources that went into making it. The cost can comprise any of the factors of production (including labor, capital, or land) and taxation .

  4. Operating cost - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_cost

    Overhead costs for a business are the cost of resources used by an organization just to maintain its existence. Overhead costs are usually measured in monetary terms, but non-monetary overhead is possible in the form of time required to accomplish tasks. Examples of overhead costs include: payment of rent on the office space a business occupies

  5. Semi-variable cost - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-variable_cost

    In the simplest case, where cost is linear in output, the equation for the total semi-variable cost is as follows: [6] = + where is the total cost, is the fixed cost, is the variable cost per unit, and is the number of units (i.e. the output produced).

  6. Average cost - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average_cost

    In economics, average cost (AC) or unit cost is equal to total cost (TC) divided by the number of units of a good produced (the output Q): A C = T C Q . {\displaystyle AC={\frac {TC}{Q}}.} Average cost is an important factor in determining how businesses will choose to price their products.

  7. Constant and variable capital - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_and_variable_capital

    It is strongly related to the actual depreciation rate of fixed capital. Alternatively, the stock value divided by the flow value is what Marx called the "turnover time". The faster the turnover of constant capital (i.e., the shorter the turnover time), other things being equal, the higher the rate of profit.

  8. Production–possibility frontier - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production–possibility...

    In microeconomics, a production–possibility frontier (PPF), production possibility curve (PPC), or production possibility boundary (PPB) is a graphical representation showing all the possible options of output for two that can be produced using all factors of production, where the given resources are fully and efficiently utilized per unit time.

  9. Nowcasting (economics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowcasting_(economics)

    Nowcasting in economics is the prediction of the very recent past, the present, and the very near future state of an economic indicator. The term is a portmanteau of "now" and "forecasting" and originates in meteorology.