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In posterior shoulder dislocation, the humeral head is displaced posteriorly out of the glenoid cavity. This injury is frequently associated with internal rotation where the humeral head rotates internally, altering its usual elliptical contour to a more rounded shape, creating the "light bulb" appearance.
The muscles of internal rotation include: of arm/humerus at shoulder. Anterior part of the deltoid muscle [1] Subscapularis [1] Teres major [1] Latissimus dorsi [1] Pectoralis major [1] of thigh/femur at hip [2] Tensor fasciae latae; Gluteus generalis; Anterior fibers of Gluteus meralis; Adductor longus and Adductor brevis; of leg at knee [3 ...
Passive exercises include internal and external rotation of the shoulder joint, as well as flexion and extension of the shoulder. [26] A 2019 Cochrane Systematic Review found with a high degree of certainty that subacromial decompression surgery does not improve pain, function, or quality of life compared with a placebo surgery. [23]
Arthrography of shoulder joint (with or without computed tomography) is performed by injecting contrast below and lateral to the coracoid process to outline the shoulder joint. Axillary pouch of the shoulder can be seen on external rotation, while subscapular (subcoracoid) bursa can be seen on internal rotation of arm.
Shoulder problems, including pain, are common [20] and can relate to any of the structures within the shoulder. [21] The primary cause of shoulder pain is a rotator cuff tear . [ 20 ] The supraspinatus is most commonly involved in a rotator cuff tear, [ 22 ] but other parts of the rotator cuff may also be involved.
The latissimus dorsi is responsible for extension, adduction, transverse extension also known as horizontal abduction (or horizontal extension), [1] flexion from an extended position, and (medial) internal rotation of the shoulder joint. It also has a synergistic role in extension and lateral flexion of the lumbar spine.
Teres Minor can produce only very small scapular plane adduction during maximal contraction (Hughes RE, An KN 1996) with adductor moment arm of approximately 0.2 cm at 45° of shoulder internal rotation and approximately 0.1 cm at 45° of shoulder external rotation.
External rotation (lateral rotation or extorsion) is rotation away from the center of the body, [22] carried out by external rotators. Internal and external rotators make up the rotator cuff , a group of muscles that help to stabilize the shoulder joint .