Search results
Results from the WOW.Com Content Network
Liver kidney microsomal type 1 antibody (anti-LKM1) is an autoantibody associated with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). [1] Specifically, its presence in AIH defines type 2 AIH, [ 2 ] [ 3 ] although it has been proposed that anti-liver cytosol type 1 autoantibody without detectable anti-LKM1 can be seen in type 2 AIH. [ 4 ]
An anti-LKM antibody (anti–liver-kidney microsomal antibody or LKM antibody) is any of several autoantibodies that are detected in the serum of patients with different types of acute or chronic liver disease. These antibodies are targeted against antigens of the cytochrome P450 system.
TPO antibody is measured more easily than the TSH receptor antibody, and so is often used as a surrogate in the diagnosis of Graves' disease. These antibodies activate adenylate cyclase by binding to the TSH receptor. This causes the production of thyroid hormones and subsequent growth and vascularisation of the thyroid. [1]
In immunology the particular macromolecule bound by an antibody is referred to as an antigen and the area on an antigen to which the antibody binds is called an epitope. In some cases, an immunoassay may use an antigen to detect for the presence of antibodies, which recognize that antigen, in a solution.
References range may vary with age, sex, race, pregnancy, [10] diet, use of prescribed or herbal drugs and stress. Reference ranges often depend on the analytical method used, for reasons such as inaccuracy , lack of standardisation , lack of certified reference material and differing antibody reactivity . [ 11 ]
A relapsing encephalopathy occurs in association with autoimmune (Hashimoto's or Ord's thyroiditis), with high titers of antithyroid antibodies. Clinically, the condition may present one or more symptoms. Onset is often gradual and may go unnoticed by the patient and close associates to the patients.
The antibody or antigen is only detectable in the blood when there is substantially more of one than the other. Standard techniques require a high enough concentration of antibody or antigen to detect the amount of antibody or antigen; therefore, they cannot detect the small amount that is not bound during seroconversion. [10]
In contrast, the constant (C) regions only occur in a few variants, which define the antibody's class. Antibodies of different classes activate distinct effector mechanisms in response to an antigen (triggering different elements of the innate immune system). They appear at different stages of an immune response, differ in structural features ...