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Proteinuria is defined as a protein/creatinine ratio greater than 45 mg/mmol (which is equivalent to albumin/creatinine ratio of greater than 30 mg/mmol or approximately 300 mg/g) with very high levels of proteinuria having a ratio greater than 100 mg/mmol. [23]
Hyperandrogenism is a medical condition characterized by high levels of androgens.It is more common in women than men. [4] Symptoms of hyperandrogenism may include acne, seborrhea, hair loss on the scalp, increased body or facial hair, and infrequent or absent menstruation.
Hyperproteinemia is the state of having overly high levels of protein in the blood. This can occur due to monoclonal gammopathies such as multiple myeloma and after intravenous immunoglobulin has been given. [1] It can result in a falsely low appearing sodium level (hyponatremia). [1]
HG is estimated to affect 0.3–2.0% of pregnant women, although some sources say the figure can be as high as 3%. [6] [9] [5] While previously known as a common cause of death in pregnancy, with proper treatment this is now very rare. [13] [14] Those affected have a lower risk of miscarriage but a higher risk of premature birth. [15]
The Endocrine Society recommends screening in pregnant women who are considered high-risk for thyroid autoimmune disease. [126] Universal screening for thyroid diseases during pregnancy is controversial, however, one study "supports the potential benefit of universal screening". [ 127 ]
High dietary intake of animal protein, [14] sodium, sugars including honey, refined sugars, fructose and high fructose corn syrup, [20] and excessive consumption of fruit juices may increase the risk of kidney stone formation due to increased uric acid excretion and elevated urinary oxalate levels (whereas tea, coffee, wine and beer may ...
BV is the most common vaginal infection in women of reproductive age. [5] The percentage of women affected at any given time varies between 5% and 70%. [11] BV is most common in parts of Africa and least common in Asia and Europe. [11] In the United States about 30% of women between the ages of 14 and 49 are affected. [18]
Pregnant women who contract HEV are at significant risk of developing fulminant hepatitis with maternal mortality rates as high as 20–30%, most commonly in the third trimester . [ 17 ] [ 88 ] [ 168 ] A 2016 systematic review and meta-analysis of 47 studies that included 3968 people found maternal case-fatality rates (CFR) of 20.8% and fetal ...