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Hashing is a common technique used in cryptography to encode information quickly using typical algorithms. Generally, an algorithm is applied to a string of text, and the resulting string becomes the "hash value". This creates a "digital fingerprint" of the message, as the specific hash value is used to identify a specific message.
1989 – Quantum cryptography experimentally demonstrated in a proof-of-the-principle experiment by Charles Bennett et al. 1991 – Phil Zimmermann releases the public key encryption program PGP along with its source code, which quickly appears on the Internet. 1994 – Bruce Schneier's Applied Cryptography is published.
Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi: wrote a (now lost) book on cryptography titled the "Book of Cryptographic Messages". Al-Kindi, 9th century Arabic polymath and originator of frequency analysis. Athanasius Kircher, attempts to decipher crypted messages; Augustus the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, wrote a standard book on cryptography
Cryptography, or cryptology (from Ancient Greek: κρυπτός, romanized: kryptós "hidden, secret"; and γράφειν graphein, "to write", or -λογία-logia, "study", respectively [1]), is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of adversarial behavior. [2]
C. Capstone (cryptography) Card catalog (cryptology) Michel de Castelnau; CAVNET; Central Bureau; Operation CHAOS; Choctaw code talkers; Cipher Bureau (Poland)
The NCM includes an unclassified library of books, papers, and other materials relating to the history of cryptography and cryptology as well. [9] The library is open on days when the museum is open. The library is non-circulating (that is, material cannot be borrowed or checked out by the public), but photocopying and photography are allowed.
The Code Book: The Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography is a book by Simon Singh, published in 1999 by Fourth Estate and Doubleday. The Code Book describes some illustrative highlights in the history of cryptography , drawn from both of its principal branches, codes and ciphers .
A Short History of Cryptography; Paris Math History Sites; Protection of Information – The Lessons of History; INFOSEC and INFOWAR: Considerations for Military Intelligence; Codes and Ciphers in History, Part 1 – To 1852; Codes, Ciphers, & Codebreaking from Greg Goebel's IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN